1. HR’S ROLE IN MANAGING STRESS & SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN THE WORKPLACE CIPM Conference 2015 ‘Go Beyond’ By Dr. Cyril Akagwu (DAvMed, M.Sc. Aerospace Medicine) [Medical Officer, DHML, Min. of Defence]

2. OUTLINE Objectives Objectives Revision of terms Revision of terms HR’s pivotal roles HR’s pivotal roles The dynamic nature of the ‘Human System’ The dynamic nature of the ‘Human System’ Stress in the modern workplace Stress in the modern workplace Substance abuse/misuse: impact on individual & society Substance abuse/misuse: impact on individual & society Stress and substance abuse: the ‘sinister’ connection Stress and substance abuse: the ‘sinister’ connection Performance management in the modern workplace Performance management in the modern workplace Conclusion Conclusion References References

3. OBJECTIVES OF THIS PRESENTATION A brief revision of specific terms A brief revision of specific terms An introduction to human biology in context of topic to be discussed An introduction to human biology in context of topic to be discussed Link between stress and substance abuse Link between stress and substance abuse Lay foundation for further deliberations on managing stress and substance abuse in the workplace: role of H.R teams. Lay foundation for further deliberations on managing stress and substance abuse in the workplace: role of H.R teams.

4. REVISION OF TERMS Stress: Stress: a physical, mental, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental tension. Substance abuse: Substance abuse: harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol and illicit drugs Addiction: brain disease characterized by “uncontrollable, compulsive drug-seeking and use, with disruption of the mechanisms responsible for cognitive, emotional and social behaviour. Addiction: brain disease characterized by “uncontrollable, compulsive drug-seeking and use, with disruption of the mechanisms responsible for cognitive, emotional and social behaviour.

5. PIVOTAL ROLE OF H.R. TEAMS Recruitment Recruitment Safety Safety Employee relations Employee relations Compensation and benefits Compensation and benefits Compliance Compliance Training and development Training and development

6. THE DYNAMIC ‘HUMAN SYSTEM’. Human DNA Human DNA Unique-ness Unique-ness Stress hormones Stress hormones Acute/Chronic stress Acute/Chronic stress Stress and performance Stress and performance FOOD FOR THOUGHT Design the human out? Is this entirely possible? Aviation/space!!! Aviation/space!!!

7. STRESS IN THE MODERN WORKPLACE Demands; Control; Support; Relationships; Role; Change

8. SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN THE WORKPLACE Stress as progenitor or perpetuator (pegs analogy) Pharmaco [kinetics + dynamics] Proneness to accidents, anti-social/irrational behaviour, dependency syndrome Costs to organization from; lost work hours (illness absence, presenteeism, absenteeism), medicare costs, compensation costs, costs from critical errors in work process, litigation, etc Commonly abused: alcohol, cocaine, ecstasy, heroine, methamphetamine, opioid pain killers, etc Health promotion programs are veritable vehicles for prevention strategies

9. STRESS AND SUBSTANCE ABUSE Stems from an inability to cope with stress Stems from an inability to cope with stress Stress is a well documented risk factor for substance abuse (temporary relief) Stress is a well documented risk factor for substance abuse (temporary relief) Several case studies in combat veterans (extreme but tenable); PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders and linkage with alcoholism, psychoactive substance abuse. Several case studies in combat veterans (extreme but tenable); PTSD, depression, anxiety disorders and linkage with alcoholism, psychoactive substance abuse.

10. H.R TEAMS & PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT Sustainable growth in ‘murky waters’ Implement drug-free workplace and other written policies that address stress and substance abuse. Arrange health benefits that provide comprehensive coverage for stress-related and substance use disorders, including follow-up care Educate employees about the health and productivity hazards of stress and substance abuse through company wellness programs, Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) and Work/Life programs Utilizing EAP services to help employees with management of stress and substance abuse Respecting employees’ privacy/Zero stigma in the workplace HR Strategic plan

11. CONCLUSION Innate responses Humans indispensable (for now) Manage this important resource EAPs Work-Life balance Sustainable growth imperative

12. REFERENCES/ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Graham AW, Schultz TK, Bilford BB, eds. Principles of addiction medicine: second edition. Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine, Inc.; 1998 Graham AW, Schultz TK, Bilford BB, eds. Principles of addiction medicine: second edition. Chevy Chase, MD: American Society of Addiction Medicine, Inc.; 1998 United States Centre for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/implementation/topics/substance- abuse.html United States Centre for Disease Control. http://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/implementation/topics/substance- abuse.html http://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/implementation/topics/substance- abuse.html http://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/implementation/topics/substance- abuse.html Integrating substance abuse prevention into health promotion programs in the workplace: A social cognitive intervention targeting the mainstream user. Cook, Royer F.; Back, Anita S.; Trudeau, James; McPherson, Tracy Bennett, Joel B. (Ed); Lehman, Wayne E. K. (Ed), (2003). Preventing workplace substance abuse: Beyond drug testing to wellness., (pp. 97- 133). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, xv, 272 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10476-003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10476-003 Http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20104 Http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20104 Http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=20104 http://www.who.int/topics/substance_abuse/en/ http://www.who.int/topics/substance_abuse/en/ http://www.who.int/topics/substance_abuse/en/ http://www.elementsbehavioralhealth.com/addiction/the-insidious-connection-between- substance-abuse-and-stress/ http://www.elementsbehavioralhealth.com/addiction/the-insidious-connection-between- substance-abuse-and-stress/ http://www.elementsbehavioralhealth.com/addiction/the-insidious-connection-between- substance-abuse-and-stress/ http://www.elementsbehavioralhealth.com/addiction/the-insidious-connection-between- substance-abuse-and-stress/ Google images (due acknowledgement of different authors) Google images (due acknowledgement of different authors)

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