1. Water: How it moves in the ground and on the surface

2. Soil grain size Sand: Larger grain size Silt: Medium grain size Clay: Smallest grain size

3. Soil Triangle Reading soil triangle: To determine a soil find where the three percentage lines meet 1) Example: 60% clay, 20% silt, and 20% sand is considered a Clay 2) _____________________ is 20% clay, 70% silt, and 10% sand 3) ______________________ is 30% clay, 50% sand, and 20% silt

4. Properties of water: Water is polar

5. Properties of water Water is attracted to itself and other objects, and this allows it to bead up and look like it is traveling.

6. Properties of water Water pulls apart other compounds, and allows them to break down.

7. Water availability The top pie chart shows the percentage of water in the world. – What percentage of water in the world is salt water? _________________ – What percentage of the water in the world is fresh water?_________________ The bottom pie chart shows all of the Earth’s freshwater. – Where is most of the Earth’s freshwater trapped in? _________________ – Where is most of the Earth’s liquid freshwater found?_________________

8. Water availability The top pie chart shows the percentage of water in the world. – What percentage of water in the world is salt water? 97% – What percentage of the water in the world is fresh water? 3% The bottom pie chart shows all of the Earth’s freshwater. – Where is most of the Earth’s freshwater trapped in? Ice – Where is most of the Earth’s liquid freshwater found? Groundwater

10. Ground Water Ground water: water that lies beneath the surface F ills the spaces between grains in bodies of sediment and clastic sedimentary rock. These spaces are called pores. S ource of ground water is rain and snow that falls to the ground

11. Porosity and Permeability Porosity: the percentage of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings A porous rock holds more fluid

12. Porosity and Permeability Permeability: the capacity of a rock to allow a fluid such as water or petroleum/oil to move through pores and fractures A permeable rock allows water to flow easily An impermeable rock is difficult for water to travel through

13. More porous tends to = more permeable

14. The Water Table saturated zone: the subsurface zone in which all rock openings are filled with water

15. The Water Table water table: the upper surface of the zone of saturation

16. The Water Table capillary fringe: a transition zone with higher moisture content just above the water table

17. The Water Table (cont.)

18. Aquifers (cont.) Unconfined aquifer: a partially filled aquifer exposed to the land surface Confined aquifer (artesian aquifer): an aquifer completely filled with pressurized water and separated from the land surface by a relatively impermeable bed, such as shale

19. Draw this picture of what happens to water when it is pumped

20. What do you think this does to surrounding pollution?

21. Subsidence of the land surface caused by the extraction of ground water, near Mendota, San Joaquin Valley, CA. Signs on the pole indicate the positions of the land surface in 1925, 1955, and 1977. The land sank 30 feet in 52 years.

22. Surface water: Watersheds Watershed: All of the land area whose water drains into a stream system

23. Tributaries Tributaries: Rivers that flow into other rivers

24. Divide Divide: An elevated land area that separates one watershed from another. In a watershed the water flows away from a divide.

25. Alluvial fan Alluvial fan: A river slows down when the slope of a stream quickly decreases. This causes the river to deposit a lot of sediment in a shape that looks like a fan.

26. Delta Delta: The sometimes triangular shaped deposits that form where a stream enters a large body of water.

28. Watersheds of Virginia