1. Unit 1 – Citizenship / Immigration

2. citizen – a member of a community with a gov’t and laws (agrees to abide by the laws and accept the authority of the gov’t in exchange for the rights / protection the gov’t provides). 14th Amendment  All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.

3. I. Becoming a U.S. citizen  2 ways: A. natural-born 1. be born in the U.S. (or in U.S. territory) 2. be born in the U.S., but parents are citizens of another country (except foreign diplomats) 3. be born anywhere, but parents are U.S. citizens (or one is a citizen who has actually lived in the U.S.) ** dual-citizenship – citizenship in 2 countries if child is born outside the U.S. and one parent (or both) is a U.S. citizen

4. B. naturalization – process by which an immigrant becomes a citizen (someone who moves permanently to a new country) 1. enter the U.S. legally 2. live in the U.S. for 5 years (3 years if married to U.S. citizen) 3. file application for citizenship with USCIS (US Citizenship and Immigration Services) 4. attend naturalization interview with a USCIS officer 5. take U.S. History, U.S. Gov’t, and English exam (citizenship test) 6. attend brief court hearing and ceremony to be sworn in and take oath of loyalty ** (their children under 18 also become naturalized citizens)

5. * can lose U.S. citizenship if you become a naturalized citizen of another country (expatriation), or it can be stripped by the gov’t if it was obtained illegally (denaturalization).

6. II. United States – a “Nation of Immigrants” A. First  American Indians (arrived during prehistoric times by land bridge connecting Asia and North America  known as Beringia)

7. B. European Settlers 1. from Spain, France, England – starting in late 1500s / 1600s / 1700s 2. from Germany, Netherlands, Ireland, Scotland, Sweden – late 1600s / 1700s 3. Great Immigration – 10 million mainly from Norway, Denmark, Sweden – late 1800s 4. New Immigration – 22 million mainly from Greece, Russia, Poland – 1890-1930

8. C. Africans – brought to work as slaves, especially on plantations – 1600s / 1700s

9. D. Today, two largest sources of immigrants to the U.S. are Latin America and Asia

10. quota: a numerical limit  started in the U.S. because many Americans began to worry that so many immigrants were coming in that they would take American land and jobs * today, only about 700,000 immigrants are allowed into the U.S.each year; in most cases, only 27,000 of these can come from any one country ** traditionally, relatives of U.S. citizens and people with needed job skills receive highest priority; but with the Immigration Act of 1990, the emphasis shifted toward welcoming “those who want to work and produce and contribute”  those with special skills, money to invest, etc.

12. refugee – someone fleeing their homeland because of political oppression, war, famine * recent examples: refugees from Cuba, Haiti alien – someone who lives in a country in which they are not a citizen (a non-citizen) Not this --> But this  ** most plan to return to own country eventually

13. Illegal Aliens * - some were refused permission to come to the U.S. - some never applied for permission, thinking they might not receive it - some entered U.S. as temporary visitors (for work or college or to visit family) and then did not leave -some slipped across the borders of the U.S. -may have no family, friends; no place to stay; no sure way to earn $; but others do -against the law to hire illegal aliens, although many necessary jobs today are carried out by those considered to be here illegally * estimated to be between12 – 20 million in U.S. today ** any aliens found to be illegal or who commit crimes may be subject to deportation (being sent back to their own country) This has changed recently

14. Legal Aliens - gov’t gives permission for them to come after they have asked - may hold jobs, own property, attend school, and travel throughout the U.S. - must obey the laws of the U.S. & pay taxes - may not vote in elections or serve on juries - may not run for political office - may not work in most gov’t jobs - must carry ID cards at all times * called Permanent Residence card now (formerly called “Green Card”) just like citizens of the U.S. must be a U.S. citizen to do these

15. Diversity in America E Pluribus Unum – U.S. motto meaning “from many, one” Melting Pot Theory – idea that immigrants abandon their cultural differences and assimilate (blend) into the U.S. society and culture Tossed Salad Theory – (aka “cultural mosaic” theory) U.S. benefits when people keep their cultural identities

16. III. Growth of U.S. Population census – a population count by the Census Bureau * done every 10 years – first one was done in 1790 U.S. population was 4 million Most recent census done in 2010 – U.S. population is over 308 million

17. U.S. population has grown because of 1. natural increase Large families were popular to help on the family farms; led to a high birthrate * as modern life became more automated, this slowed down, and not as many people lived on farms (larger families not as important) – led to a slow down in the population rate increase 2. immigration Largest state populations today: 1. California 2. Texas 3. New York 4. Florida

18. IV. Shifts in American Population migration – a mass movement of people from one part of a country to another part of the same country 1st Great Shift – Americans moved from rural areas to cities in mid 1800s  reason was employment (jobs more easily found) 2nd shift – freed African-Americans headed for cities in the north after the Civil War More recent shift, beginning in the 1970s – migration to the southern and western parts of the country (“Sun Belt”) People want to leave the older, crowded, industrial areas of the country and move to warmer climates and less crowded areas

19. Urban shifts in population – some older cities losing population, while younger cities are growing; people moving from centers of cities to the suburbs (surrounding areas) * urban sprawl – slow expanding of a city’s boundaries / reach

20. U.S. economy has moved from being mainly agricultural-based (1600s / 1700s / early 1800s) to industrial/manufacturing (late 1800s / early 1900s) to now being a service economy (late 1900s / 2000s)