1. Sec. 1 – Buddhist and Hindu Art and Architecture BUDDHISM FIRST SYMBOL OF BUDDHISM = ASHOKAN PILLAR GREAT STUPA (shrine) – BOWLS WITH ASHES - FOLLOWERS GRANTED MERIT (KARNA) FOR DONATING TO TEMPLES SITES: BODH GAYA – ENLIGHTENMENT SARNATH = 1 ST SERON, FOOTPRINT BUDDHA PAINTING – DAMBULLA CAVE TEMPLE SALVATION POSSIBLE FOR ALL (MAHAYANA) GOAL : NIRVANA (END OF CYCLE, BIRTH, DEATH, REBIRTH)

2. HINDUISM DOMINANT RELIGION – PERSIAN TERM FOR PEOPLE BEYOND INDUS RIVER VEDAS (BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE) – LITERARY SOURCE OF HINDUISM BRAHMA (4 HEADS) SENT VEDAS – HUMAN SMRTI (REMEMBERED) BHAKTI = DEVOTION RESPECT FOR DHARMA (LAWS, DUTIES, VIRTUES) SAMSARA (REINCARNATION) KARMA (CAUSALITY) – ULTIMATE GOAL TO BE LIKE BUDDHA SALVATION (MOKSA) FROM REINCARNATION

3. HINDU ART 2000 YEARS OLD – STARTED WITH RELIEF CARVINGS IN CAVE TEMPLES STORIES OF THEIR ADVENTURES CHIEF GOD: VISHNU – PRESERVER SHIVA – DESTROYER BRAHMA – CREATOR FUNDAMENTALS – SWEEPING POWER WITH CONTRASTING NATURES PRINCIPLE= MULTIPLICITY – MANY ARMS = SUPERHUMAN HEADS – AVATARS (ANIMALS/HUMAN) ATTRIBUTES = WEAPONS THEY HOLD BRAHMA – HOLDS SCEPTER, BOOK OF PRAYER

4. HINDU ART SHIVA – DESTROYER – UNPREDICTABLE, DEVASTATING FORCE (HAS TO BE DESTRUCTION BEFORE CHANGE – CAST OFF OLD HABITS), ALSO MERCY SEEN AS YOGI ON MT. KAILASH, OR MARRIED (MRS. PARVATI), CHILDREN SHIVA TEMPLE STONE PILLAR = SHAFT OF LIGHT AND GLORY – 25-50 BRONZE PILLARS AROUND TEMPLE SHIVA WORKS OF ART: – LORD OF DANCE (NATARAJA) – TIPURAVIJAYA – VICTOR OF 3 CITIES – SOMASKANDA – WIFE AND INFANT – CHANDRA SHEKKARA – MOON CROWNED LORD BOLD FIGURE WITH VERTICLE 3 RD EYE, DREADLOCKS, MOON, SKULL, SERPENT, SNAKE, LOIN CLOTH, 2 DIFFERENT EARRINGS (MALE AND FEMALE), SERPENT OR LION (MASCULINE), HALO AT BACK – HOLDING AX, DRUM, FLOWERS, DEER BRONZE SCULPTURES UNDER CHOLA DYNASTY IN SOUTH (TAMIL) – BECAME MORE PORTABLE, PRESIDING OVER FESTIVALS

5. NATARAJA SHIVA – LORD OF DANCE LORD OF DANCE DANCE OF BLISS, DESTROYS UNIVERSE, GOAL OF RECREATING IT, 4 ARMS, DRUM=BEATS OF TIME, PALM OUT = REASSURANCE, DWARF MUSHALAGA = DARKNESS, IGNORANCE. SHIVA STOMPS ON HIM He learned Hindu Law – Orientalism sought to capture and preserve India as it was at its height

6. SEATED BUDDHA MADE OF GRAY SCHIST – GANDARA REGION INDO-GREEK ART CROSS LEGGED, MEDITATION, HAND FOLDED, PALM UP, HALO BEHIND HIM – RELIEF CARVINGS WITH MULTIPLE FIGURES. BODHISATTVA = LARGE FIGURE NEXT TO BUDDHA MEANS: PERFECTED HUMANS NOT YET FULLY ENLIGHTENED RIGHT HAND WITH JEWEL = TREASURES AVAILABLE TO FOLLOWERS 4 LOWER FIGURES = LOWER STATUS WORSHIPPERS, FARTHER AWAY LION = KINGSHIP GANDHARA BUDDHA SERVES AS MEDITATIVE TOOL – PATH TO ENLIGHTENMENT STORIES OF HIS LIFE IN RELIEF CARVINGS (4 OR 8 – 4 TRUTHS, 8 TH FOLD PATH) BIRTH, ENLIGHTENMENT, FIRST SERMON, WHEEL OF LAW,RENUNCIATION OF PRINCELY LIFE, MEDITATION IN FOREST

7. GOLD COIN – MORE GREEK-LIKE SPIRITUAL DHARMA – BUDDHA MADE OF SANDALWOOD- KING MISSED HIS SON AND MADE THIS BROAD SHOULDERS, TINEY WAIST. ANGULA = MEASURE = BREADTH OF FINGER SYMBOLS ON BODY, LUMPS ON HEAD, MOLE ON FOREHEAD (URNA), WEBBED FINGERS, LOTUS AND WHEEL ON SOLES OF FEET

8. SEC.II – INDO-ISLAMIC ART QUBBAT UL ISLAM MOSQUE – DONE BY LOCAL INDIANS WITH IMPORTED ISLAMIC SCULPUTURES,FORMS, PRACTICES MOGHUL DYNASTY MOST SIGNIFICANT ISLAMIC INFLUENCE ON INDIAN ART AND CULTURE BABER THE TIGER – IMPRESSED BY WEALTH – DISLIKED INDIAN CULTURE BENEFITS: RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE, CURRENCY, ART Took over many other Indian kingdoms over period from 1799 – 1856 1840s to 1850s marked by major infrastructure projects, such as railways, the Ganges Canal, and the telegraph

9. SHAHJAHAN RIDING WITH AFTABI(SUNSHADE) MINIATURE PAINTING – ISLAMIC ART DONE ON PAPER – ASSEMBLY LINE GOLD AND SILVER TRIM SHOWING LIFE OF EMPEROR, ANIMALS, LANDSCAPE FLAT, WITH TOP POINT OF VIEW, EVEN LIGHT, NO SHADING SIMPLIFIED ARCHITECTURE PROFILE OF ANIMALS/HUMAND DEPTH SHOWN BY FIGURES HIGH OR LOW ON PAGE HIGHLY DETAILED AND DECORATIVE

10. MOGHUL MINIATURES RULER HUMAYUN BROUGHT PERSIAN PAINTERS TO INDIA AKBAR’S REIGN – MOGHUL MINIATURES PATNA’S ALBUM = MURAQQA – 41 PAINTINGS SHAH JAHAN EMPEROR RIDING ANALYSIS: (WATER COLOR ON PAPER) ELEPHANT – ELEVATES RULER RULES WITH ONE HAND – HE IS IN CONTROL SERVANT FOLLOWING WITH SUNSHADE, WHITE CLOTHING, WHITE HORSE (SERVANT) PROFILE, MOVING LEFT TO RIGHT, SHOWS IMPORTANCE OF SHAH JAHAN USED AS PROPAGANDA TO INFLATE EMPEROR

11. INDO-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE BABER – GARDENS SIGNIFICANT – HUMAYUN (SON) – FLOATING PALACE ON JUMMA AKBAR (SON) – GREAT MOSQUE AT FATEHPUR – MOGHUL BUILDING WITH WHITE MARBLE/SANDSTONE SHAH JAHAN – MASTERED QURAN CALLIGRAPHY, SINGING, ARCHITECT, GREAT ATTENTION TO DETAIL – BUILT TOMB FOR HIS WIFE – TAJ MAHAL – CROWN OF PALACES, BASED ON GARDEN PLEASURE PAVILION – SHADE AS BLESSING FROM HEAVEN. TOMB ON OCTAGONAL BASE (8 PARADISES OF QURAN). TAJ MAHAL ON SQUARE – TALL AS IT IS WIDE. CARVINGS OF FLOWERING PLANTS AND VERSES OF QURAN

12. SEC III – COLONIAL RULE BRITAIN HAD MONOPOLY WITH EIC EXCLUSIVE TRADE PRIVILEGES, ACQUIRE TERRITORY, COIN MONEY – DEFEATED FRENCH AT BATTLE OF PLASSEY IN 1757 JOINT ADMIN BY EIC AND BRITISH GOV. – CONTROLLED INDIAN LEADERS 1858 POWER WENT TO CROWN AFTER WWII, BRITISH INDIA PARTITIONED INTO INDIA AND PAKISTAN IN 1947 BRITISH RAJ RULER 1858-1947

13. COLONIAL ART & ARCHITECTURE EFFECTS OF COLONIALISM: EDUCATION, GOVERNMENT, IMPROVED TRANSPORT, COMMUNICATION, POSTAL, RAILWAYS, CANALS, LITERATURE AND SCIENCE. REPLACED PERSIAN WITH ENGLISH. EFFECTS OF CULTURE – GOVERNMENT HOUSES AND CHURCHES ALL BRITISH, CRICKET GREENS. HOWEVER, BRITISH HAD GREAT RESPECT FOR ANCIENT TRADITIONS. BEFORE STRUCTURES WERE COMMERCIAL (EIC ERECTED) – GRACEFL, MAJESTIC BACKDROPS TO BRITISH RULING CLASS BRITISH LIKED MEDIEVAL ENGLAND – USED PATTERN BOOKS FOR DESIGN GOVERNMENT HOUSES – RESIDENCES AND PLACE OF BUSINESS SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS OF BRITISH AUTHORITY

14. VICEREGAL LODGE ANALYSIS RESIDENCE OF LORD DUFFERIN BRITISH VICEROY IN SHIMLA – BRITISH HILL STATIONS (FOOTHILLS OF HIMALAYAS) RETREATED THERE IN SUMMER MONTHS – CALLED SUMMER CAPITAL OF BRITISH INDIA ENGLISH RENAISSANCE – MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE LARGE TOWER ABOVE MAIN ENTRANCE MADE OF LIMESTONE AND SANDSTONE, BLUE AND GRAY MORE LIKE AN ENGLISH COUNTRY HOUSE WITH TEAK PANELLING TODAY IT IS MANAGED BY MINISTRY OF EDUCATION – INSTITUTE FOR ADVANCED STUDY

15. KALIGHAT PAINTING KALIGHAT IS FORM OF PAINTING IN CALCUTTA WATER COLOR ON MILL-MADE PAPER LOCAL PAINTERS FROM VILLAGES OF BENGAL SET UP AROUND KALIGHAT TEMPLE JOHN KIPLING, BRITISH CURATOR, COLLECTED KALIGHATS AND DONATED THEM TO BRITISH MUSEUM

16. ENGLISHMAN ON TIGER HUNT MAN WITH TOP HAT, GREEN COAT, WHITE PANTS, BLACK SHOES, ON BLUE ELEPHANT STEPPING ON TIGER SHOWING TEETH AND TONGUE SIGNIFICANT IN DETAIL – ENGLISMAN CLASPS RIFLE HELD UPSIDE DOWN – LOOKS SILLY NO HOWDAH (CARRIAGE) ON ELEPHANT NO ELEPHANT TRAINER (MAHOUT) NO BACKGROUND BOLD, DRAMATIC OUTLINES, FLAT FORMS, NO SHADING, NO 3D, NO BACKGROUND ARTISTS = PATVAS (PRODUCTION-LINE STYLE) TODAY REPLACED BY MECHANIZED LITHOGRAPHY PROCESS

17. 1857 INDIANS REFOLTED – MUTINY OF 1857 1 ST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE MODERN INDIA IS POST COLONIAL STEEL ENGRAVING OF KING OF DELHI BY CAPTAIN HODSON