1. Salinization and Waterlogging Cheyenne Curling, Arieanna Lester, Nathan Gizaw

2. Waterlogging  Whenever the soil is so wet that there is insufficient oxygen in the pore space for plant roots to be able to respire.  A main indicator is water puddles. Salinization  The process by which water- soluble salts accumulate in the soil, limiting the ability of plants to absorb water.  A main indicator is increased soil wetness or white crusting on the surface.

3. Causes Waterlogging  Rainfall  Floods  Poor water management  Over irrigation  Roads disrupting water flow Salinization  Shallow saline groundwater table  Inadequate drainage  Poor quality water used for irrigation  Waterlogging  Improper crop patterns and rotations  Heavy use of fertilizers

4. Ecological Impact Waterlogging  Excess waters cause insufficient water in the soil, preventing plants from being able to respire.  Plants cannot grow.  This causes plants to decompose. Salinization  Excess salt prevents plants from being able to absorb water and nutrients.  Plants cannot grow.  Can cause soil to become infertile.  Salinized land is often abandoned.

5. Areas Most Affected Waterlogging  According to the GLASOD estimate, waterlogging affects 4.6 M ha  Mostly in irrigated areas of India and Pakistan Salinization  Affects mainly dry zones  Half the agricultural land in Iran  4 M ha in India and Pakistan

6. Prevention and Remedies Waterlogging  Create adequate drainage  Shallow surface drains  More intensive draining using widespread furrows  Even more intensive drainage in forms of raised beds

7. Prevention and Remedies  Manage the area contributing to excess water  Decrease excess water from infiltrating into the soil in recharge areas of seeps by diverting surface water to downslope ponds.  Keep the water table at a low, safe level. Do not over irrigate. (as discharge of salty waters may contribute to other of site problems.  Use cropping and tillage systems that promote adequate infiltration and permeability  Remove excess water from recharge areas of seeps by using actively growing, deep-rooted plants Salinization  Manage the area where excess water comes to the surface  Grow salt tolerant crops  Reduce deep tillage to stop bringing salt up from deeper soil  Plant crops next to bodies of water to increase water use.  Install artificial drainage systems in severely damaged areas.  Get rid of seepage from irrigation canals, dugout, and ponds

8. Works Cited "Abstract." Adverse Effect of Waterlogging and Soil Salinity on Crop and Land Productivity in Northwest Region of Haryana, India. Elsevier Science, n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2015. Dornsife, Dana. "Poisoning Our Soils: A Consequence of Udervalued Water." USC Dornsife. College of Letters, Arts and Science, 22 Feb. 2012. Web. 08 Apr. 2015. "Earth: The Living Layer 3 « TUNZA." TUNZA. N.p., 30 Oct. 2011. Web. 08 Apr. 2015. Munns, Rana. "The Impact of Salinity of Plant Stress." CSIRO Division of Plant Industry, n.d. Web. 8 Apr. 2015. "Salinization Causes and Effects." Salinization Causes and Effects. Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources, n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2015. "2. WATERLOGGING." 2. WATERLOGGING. Oregon State, 2014. Web. 08 Apr. 2015. "Untitled Normal Page." Untitled Normal Page. FAO Corporate Document Repository, n.d. Web. 08 Apr. 2015.