1. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 1 The force of waves hitting a cliff (or sea wall) compresses water and air into cracks and joints. This increase in pressure may lead to cracks widening and pieces of rock breaking off. Hydraulic Action There is no separate picture for wave pounding!

2. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 2 Abrasion Rock fragments may be picked up by waves and thrown against the rock face of cliffs by subsequent waves. Sometimes the softer strata are abraded more than the harder ones, giving a striped appearance. Abrasion is most effective at the base of cliffs.

3. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 3 Wave attrition Rock fragments are worn down into smaller and more rounded pieces. Currents and tidal movements cause the fragments to be swirled around and to grind against each other. This type of erosion produces pebble beaches.

4. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 4 Water- layer weathering Alternative wetting and drying -as happens with the rise and fall of the tides -can disintegrate porous or coarser rock layers. Salt crystals growing in rock spaces can do the same thing.

5. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 5 Corrosion (solution) Salts and acids in sea water can react with rocks, slowly dissolving them away.

6. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 6 Rates of erosion depend on many factors: Waves – strength, frequency, height Weather – frequency of storm conditions Geology of the coastline : -type of rock -orientation of stratification (Copy this note into your jotters. Discuss the factors in class.)

7. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 7 The FETCH is the distance travelled by waves from one shore to another. The waves hitting the southwest coast of England have a fetch of about ten thousand miles! Copy this note!

8. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 8 Q1. What two properties of a headland tell us that the rock is hard? A. It juts out into the sea and is high ground. Q2. What two properties of a bay tell us that the rock is soft? A. It eats back into the land and is lower ground. Q3. On a new cliff coast, what is the first feature caused by erosion? A. Abrasion notches are created initially.

9. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 9 Q4.Cliff retreat creates which feature all along the coast? A. It creates a wave-cut platform. Q5.Why is this only exposed at low tide? A. Erosion only happens between high and low tide marks, and no erosion takes place below LTM. The ‘top’ of the eroded cliff is the WCP, seen only when the tide is lowest.

10. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 10 Headland erosion near Noss Point Caithness The sea is eroding this headland back leaving a wave- cut platform below the waves.

11. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 11 How Are Wave Cut Platforms Formed? Erosion is greatest when large waves actually break against the foot of a cliff. The foot of the cliff is undercut to form a wave cut ( abrasion) notch. As the notch gets larger the cliff above becomes increasingly unsupported and in time collapses ( often by a mass movement process!) As this process continues the cliff will slowly retreat. The flat land left at the foot of the cliff is called a wave cut platform

12. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 12 Cliffs and Wave Cut Platforms

13. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 13 You should have copied this diagram from the Wider World Book into your jotter. 1

14. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 14 Sea Inlet near Noss Point Caused by hydraulic action at a weakness in the rock.

15. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 15 Sea Inlet At Duncansby Head

16. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 16 There is a copy of this diagram you should have copied from the Wider World book Note;- for a cave to occur, there must be an area of weakness in the cliff face. 2

17. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 17 Smoo Cave near Durness

18. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 18 A Blowhole or ‘gloup’ may form if the erosion at the back of the cave breaks through the roof to the top of the cliff. This usually happens at high tide in stormy weather. Copy this note!

19. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 19 There is a copy of this diagram you should have copied from the Wider World book notches 3

20. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 20 An arch forms when the sea breaks through to the other side of the headland.

21. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 21 Natural Arch

22. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 22 Close up of Duncansby Stacks and Stump

23. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 23 Stack At Sandwood Bay

24. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 24 Coves are a special feature and we will learn about them by looking at a case study of Lulworth Cove.

25. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 25 Lulworth Cove was formed by differential erosion. The next slides will explain how this happened.

26. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 26 The hard rock at the coast has been breached. The sea can now get in to erode the softer rock behind, creating the cove. The second layer of hard rock stops the cove growing much larger. soft hard You will learn the names of the rock types in the Case Study unit- Rural Land Resources. The geology of Lulworth Cove Copy the diagram and explanation.

27. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 27 ORDNANCE SURVEY MAPWORK You need to be able to recognise coastal erosion landforms from a map. To practice this skill, take a copy of the question sheet and the two O.S. maps and tackle the questions. THEY ARE NOT ALL EASY !! 6

28. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 28 As you go through the next (revision) slide, for each feature mentioned, look back through your unit booklets and this presentation. You are looking for named examples of as many features as possible. Perhaps you could work in pairs to do this task! THEN PLAY THE COASTLINE DOMINOES GAME!

29. LITHOSPHERE CORE COASTLINES 29 You have now completed the erosion section. You should be familiar with the following terms and be able to define and use them in your answers. Copy this. PROCESSES SOLUTION WAVE POUNDING ABRASION ATTRITION HYDRAULIC ACTION WATER-LAYER WEATHERING FEATURES BLOWHOLE ARCH NEEDLE CAVE STUMP STACK COVE INLET BAY AND HEADLAND NOTCHES WAVE-CUT PLATFORM RELATED TERMS FETCH STRATIFICATION ROCK ORIENTATION DIFFERENTIAL EROSION