1. HISTORY CHAPTER 2

2. Study Plan Trade and Exploration Trade and Exploration Voyaging with Science Voyaging with Science Modern Technology Modern Technology

3. Early People looked for food Voyaging: traveling on the ocean for a specific purpose Voyaging: traveling on the ocean for a specific purpose Began in Ancient Egypt and Greece (around 1500-1200 B.C.) Began in Ancient Egypt and Greece (around 1500-1200 B.C.) 1550-300 B.C. – Phoenicians and Greeks traveled to the Atlantic Ocean and around to the Indian Ocean 1550-300 B.C. – Phoenicians and Greeks traveled to the Atlantic Ocean and around to the Indian Ocean Okeanos (or Oceanus) – “river” Okeanos (or Oceanus) – “river”

5. Cartographers Produce charts of the ocean… began in 800 B.C. Produce charts of the ocean… began in 800 B.C.

6. Library of Alexandria Founded in the 3 rd century B.C. by Alexander the Great --- center of science and learning for 600 years!!!! Founded in the 3 rd century B.C. by Alexander the Great --- center of science and learning for 600 years!!!!

7. Eratosthenes of Cyrene 235-192 B.C. – calculated the circumference of Earth ~ 40,000 km 235-192 B.C. – calculated the circumference of Earth ~ 40,000 km Invented latitude and longitude Invented latitude and longitude

8. Claudius Ptolemy A.D. 90-168 – oriented charts North on the top, South on the bottom, East on the right, and West on the left A.D. 90-168 – oriented charts North on the top, South on the bottom, East on the right, and West on the left

9. Hypatia The last librarian at Alexandria The last librarian at Alexandria A.D. 37-415: murdered by the early “Christians” – Bishop Cyril accused her of paganism… Cyril was made a saint. A.D. 37-415: murdered by the early “Christians” – Bishop Cyril accused her of paganism… Cyril was made a saint.

10. Cartography during the Dark Ages For 1,000 years, human endeavor was dominated by the Arabs For 1,000 years, human endeavor was dominated by the Arabs

11. Renaissance Christopher Columbus sailed to the “New World” Christopher Columbus sailed to the “New World”

12. Oceanian Seafarers Colonized Distant Islands Polynesians have colonized over 10,000 islands across 26 million square km (10 million square miles) Polynesians have colonized over 10,000 islands across 26 million square km (10 million square miles) Began about 30,000 years ago Began about 30,000 years ago A.D. 300 – 600 – colonization of Easter Island and perhaps, South America A.D. 300 – 600 – colonization of Easter Island and perhaps, South America

15. The Chinese Invented the Compass in the 4 th century B.C. Invented the Compass in the 4 th century B.C. 1086 – Shen Kuo – Earth was old 1086 – Shen Kuo – Earth was old While Europeans were in the Dark Ages, they became seafarers While Europeans were in the Dark Ages, they became seafarers 1405-1433- Admiral Zheng He – commanded 317 ships + 27,500 men – made it to the Atlantic 1405-1433- Admiral Zheng He – commanded 317 ships + 27,500 men – made it to the Atlantic

17. Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal

18. Christopher Columbus of Genoa under Spain Skilled mariner and salesman Skilled mariner and salesman

19. Ferdinand Magellan of Portugal under Spain His fleet became the first to circumnavigate the Earth His fleet became the first to circumnavigate the Earth

20. Captain James Cook of the British Royal Navy Scientific cartography began Scientific cartography began HMS Endeavor HMS Endeavor

21. Where are we? Longitude and the Stars Longitude and the Stars

22. The United States Exploring Expedition 1838 – USS Vincennes – LT Charles Wilkes, United States Navy 1838 – USS Vincennes – LT Charles Wilkes, United States Navy Mission: to disprove the “hollow Earth theory” Mission: to disprove the “hollow Earth theory”

23. LT Matthew Maury, United States Navy Father of Oceanography Father of Oceanography Discovered global ocean and wind currents Discovered global ocean and wind currents

24. Modern Technology

25. Polar Exploration Fridtjof Nansen of Norway proved that there was no Arctic continent between 1893-1896 Fridtjof Nansen of Norway proved that there was no Arctic continent between 1893-1896 Nansen’s student, Roald Amundsen, later ventured to Antarctica Nansen’s student, Roald Amundsen, later ventured to Antarctica

26. Echo Sounder Invented in Germany in 1925 Invented in Germany in 1925 Traversed the south Atlantic for 2 years Traversed the south Atlantic for 2 years

27. Research Institutions National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - 1970 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - 1970

28. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Est. 1958, in response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik Est. 1958, in response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik

29. United States Navy, METOC/OCEANO 1800/1805

30. Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UCSD

31. Satellites 1992: TOPEX/Poseidon: determines the height of the sea surface 1992: TOPEX/Poseidon: determines the height of the sea surface 1997: SEASTAR: measures the amount of chlorophyll in the ocean (productivity) 1997: SEASTAR: measures the amount of chlorophyll in the ocean (productivity) 2001: Jason-1: measures the interactions between climate and the ocean 2001: Jason-1: measures the interactions between climate and the ocean 2002: AQUA: determines the water cycle 2002: AQUA: determines the water cycle

32. Global Positioning System (GPS) Launched in 1993 Launched in 1993 “constellation” of 24 satellites “constellation” of 24 satellites Equipped with Computer + atomic clock + radio transmitter Equipped with Computer + atomic clock + radio transmitter Communicate in the microwave Communicate in the microwave