1. Supplemental Slides for Tuesday lecture

2. Wang & Fielder (2006, Prog. Oceanogr.)

3. Southern Annular Mode (SAM) (Antarctic Oscillation – AAO) Describes the north–south movement of the westerly wind belt that circles Antarctica and dominates middle to higher latitudes of the southern hemisphere. Westerly wind belt influences the strength and position of cold fronts and mid-latitude storm systems (rainfall variability in southern Australia)

4. SAM Positive phase – westerly winds contract towards Antarctica, stronger westerlies (higher pressure over southern Australia, stable and dry conditions - drought) Negative phase – westerly winds expand towards equator, weaker westerlies (stronger low pressure systems over southern Australia, increased storms and rain)

5. Stammerjohn et al. (2008, JGR) Conceptual diagram of SAM and ENSO effects on Southern Ocean sea ice

6. Stammerjohn et al. (2008, JGR) Changes in sea ice advance due to ENSO

7. Stammerjohn et al. (2008, JGR)Interaction of SAM and ENSO effects on sea ice

8. SAM Southern Ocean CO2 uptake Positive and stronger SAM Reduced ability of Southern Ocean to take up CO2 Lenton & Matear (2007, GBC)

9. Calanus finmarchicus Negative NAO Calanus helgolandicus Positive NAO Ottersen et al. (2001, Oecologia

10. Jacobs & Guilivi (2002, Science) Change in Ross Sea Salinity

11. WSDW WSBW Dashed lines are averages for1984–1993, 1994–2002 and 2003–2008 (Meredith et al., 2014, Phil. Trans.) Change in T-S properties of Weddell Sea