1. Long Term Memory Chapter 7

2. Types of Memory Short-Term Memory  activated memory that holds a few items briefly  look up a phone number, then quickly dial before the information is forgotten Long-Term Memory  the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

3. Long-Term Memory Once information passes from sensory to working memory, it can be encoded into long-term memory Long-term memory Working or Short-term Memory Sensory Input Sensory Memory Attention Encoding Retrieval Maintenance Rehearsal

4. What Do We Encode?  Semantic Encoding  encoding of meaning  including meaning of words  Acoustic Encoding  encoding of sound  especially sound of words  Visual Encoding  encoding of picture images

5. Encoding

6. Long-Term Memory Function  Organizes and stores information  more passive form of storage than working memory  Unlimited capacity  Duration—thought by some to be permanent Retrieval  Process that controls flow of information from long-term to working memory store

7. Storage: Retaining Information Iconic Memory  a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli  a photographic or picture image memory lasting no more that a few tenths of a second Echoic Memory  momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

8. Biological Basis of Memory  Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) refers to synaptic enhancement after learning (Lynch, 2002).  An increase in neurotransmitter release or receptors on the receiving neuron indicates strengthening of synapses.  Neuron becomes more sensitive  Strong emotions make for stronger memories  stress hormones  If stress in prolonged it can actually harm memory formation

10. Storage: Long-Term Memory  Explicit Memory  memory of facts (semantic) and experiences (episodic) that one can consciously know and declare  also called declarative memory  Hippocampus – neural center in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage  Implicit Memory  retention independent of conscious recollection  also called procedural memory

11. Storage: Long-Term Memory Subsystems Types of long-term memories Explicit (declarative) With conscious recall Implicit (nondeclarative) Without conscious recall Facts-general knowledge (“semantic memory”) Personally experienced events (“episodic memory”) Skills-motor and cognitive Dispositions- classical and operant conditioning effects

12. Biological Basis of Memory  Amnesia— severe memory loss  Retrograde amnesia— inability to remember past episodic information; common after head injury; need for consolidation  Anterograde amnesia— inability to form new memories; related to hippocampus damage

13. Storage: Long-Term Memory  MRI scan of hippocampus (in red) Hippocampus

14. Retrieval  How do we recall the information we thought we remembered?  Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store.  In recall the person must retrieve information using effort  In recognition the person has to identify an item amongst others

15. Retrieval Cues  After learning to move a mobile by kicking, infants had their learning reactivated most strongly when retested in the same rather than a different context (Butler & Rovee-Collier, 1989).

16. Retrieval Cues  Memories are held in storage by a web of associations.  These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory. Fire Truck truck red fire heat smoke smell water hose

17. Priming Effect 1. Repetition priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize a face or word if you have recently seen that same face or word. 2. Semantic priming refers to the fact that it is easier (quicker) to recognize someone or word if you have just seen someone or a word closely associated. Priming effect occurs when people respond faster or better to an item if a similar item preceded it.

19. Retrieval Cues 0 10 20 30 40 Water/ land Land/ water Water/ water Different contexts for hearing and recall Same contexts for hearing and recall Land/ land Percentage of words recalled

20. Context Effects  Deja Vu (French)--already seen  cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier similar experience  "I've experienced this before."  Mood-congruent Memory  tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood  memory, emotions, or moods serve as retrieval cues  State-dependent Memory  what is learned in one state (while one is high, drunk, or depressed) can more easily be remembered when in same state