1. Civilian Casualty Institutionalization Mr. Shelby Ball Joint Staff J7 Joint Lessons Learned Division 21 May 2014 UNCLASSIFIED

2. 2 CONF//REL USA/ISAF/NATO CIVCAS CIVCAS history Joint Institutionalization Methodology Joint Doctrine Internal Review CIVCAS Summary UNCLASSIFIED

3. CIVCAS Overview 2010 Final OPS DEPS TANK Farah & Uruzgan issues closed Updates delegated to DJ7 29 Apr 11 CJCS TANK 7 Jun 10 Uruzgan Incident 21 February 2010 Update and improved home station and sustainment training Update COIN guidance, SOPs, TTPs, and doctrine (JP 3-24) Update air-to-ground, UAS, and ISR SOPs and TTPs Retrain on Tactical Directive and develop SOP on CIVCAS Reporting 12 Uruzgan recommendations instituted by April 2011 Farah Incident 4 May 2009: Review and revise CAS guidance and chain of command approval process Develop Strategic Communications Lessons Learned follow-up within 120 days of investigative report release 8 Farah recommendations instituted by November 2010 UNCLASSIFIED DJ7 Report 7 Dec 11 DJ7 Report 26 Apr 12 201320122011 2014 DJ7 Report 29 Aug 13 DJ7 Report 14 Nov 12 Current CIVCAS Issues : CENTCOM Escalation of Force Pre-Deployment Readiness Reporting CENTCOM Positive Identification JS J7 CIVCAS Validation and Institutionalization 3 LL GOSC 7 Nov 13

4. 4 CONF//REL USA/ISAF/NATO CIVCAS Joint Institutionalization Methodology “Reducing and Mitigating Civilian Casualties: Enduring Lessons” Report - review and rollup of 6 CIVCAS studies CIVCAS lessons were validated and institutionalization determined during the course of three rounds of coordination Survey results depicted graphically using stop-go lights Nine lessons evaluated across DOTMLPF and Policy lenses Joint Force Development lessons consolidated for Doctrine, Training and Leadership/Education Organizational, Material and Policy lessons not presented UNCLASSIFIED

5. COCOMS CSAs Services FACILITIES Strategic Perspective – Joint Lessons Learned 5

6. 6 CONF//REL USA/ISAF/NATO UNCLASSIFIED ISSUE: Validate the institutionalization of Joint CIVCAS lessons learned. IRM #670 DISCUSSION: After the Farah CIVCAS incident of May 2009, the CJCS tasked CENTCOM, SOCOM, Services and JS J7 to work together to track, reduce and mitigate CIVCAS in Afghanistan. The Joint Force (JF) is keenly aware of the strategic importance of CIVCAS avoidance and mitigation and the potential for CIVCAS to impact achievement of military and national objectives. The JF should capture these enduring principles for use in the future operating environment, the JF should evaluate the efficacy of overarching CIVCAS lessons and ensure that they have been institutionalized across appropriate joint DOTMLPF-P functions. RECOMMENDATIONS: JS J7 determine enduring CIVCAS lessons learned from the body of CIVCAS studies and identified lessons. JS J7 validate and staff these lessons across the Joint Force to ensure the right enduring lessons are captured. Joint Force and Services review the institutionalization of nine enduring lessons and identify remaining gaps. CIVCAS working group terminate and transition CIVCAS lessons to the JS JLLP issue resolution process after the CIVCAS Semi-Annual Update. CIVCAS Validation and Institutionalization END STATE CIVCAS lessons learned are institutionalized. May 09 Farah CIVCAS incident Apr 11 OPSDEPS delegate CIVCAS to DJ7 UNCLASSIFIED OPR: JS J7 OCR: Services, CENTCOM, SOCOM Dec 12 DJ7 CIVCAS update Feb 13 J7 review of CIVCAS LL Feb 13 AO JSAP enduring CIVCAS LL May 13 AO JSAP CIVCAS Survey Jul 13 O-6 JSAP CIVCAS Survey Aug13 CIVCAS Survey Summary Aug 13 DJ7 CIVCAS update Sep 13 CIVCAS Lessons Enter Issue Resolution Process May 14 CIVCAS Institutionalization In Progress Nov 13 LL GOSC

7. UNCLASSIFIED CIVCAS Institutionalization Results #13-04-873 CIVCAS Leadership and Guidance Lesson: Commanders exercising effective leadership and promulgating key guidance contributes to the force's ability to reduce CIVCAS while maintaining effectiveness. #13-04-874 CIVCAS Monitoring Lesson: Tracking and analysis of CIVCAS enabled the force to understand root causes of CIVCAS incidents and address them in order to reduce and mitigate CIVCAS. #13-04-875 CIVCAS Training and Education Lesson: Training and education that addressed overarching principles and specific risk factors for CIVCAS enabled the force to adapt its approach to better reduce and mitigate CIVCAS. #13-04-876 CIVCAS Tools Lesson: Forces leveraged tools aiding de-escalation, identification of targets, and minimizing of collateral damage. However, additional tools and training in their use would be beneficial. D T L Institutionalized In progress Gap UNCLASSIFIED N/A 7

8. UNCLASSIFIED N/A CIVCAS Institutionalization Results #13-04-877 CIVCAS Consequence Management Lesson: Forces developed ways to mitigate the effects of CIVCAS over time, but these approaches took many years to develop and have not been institutionalized. #13-04-878 CIVCAS Air to Ground Challenges Lesson: In light of air-to-ground CIVCAS tending to have more casualties per incident and a higher profile than other kinds of incidents, recent initiatives to reduce air-to-ground CIVCAS should be sustained and applied in future operations. #13-04-872 CIVCAS Misidentification Challenges Lesson: The conduct of enemy personnel and current shortfalls in available training and tools complicates forces' ability to obtain PID, which can contribute to civilians being misidentified as enemy. #13-04-879 CIVCAS and Partnering with Host-Nation Forces Lesson: The United States working with partner nations to reduce and mitigate CIVCAS is consistent with U.S. values, furthers U.S. strategic objectives, and promotes freedom of action. D T L UNCLASSIFIED 7 N/A

9. UNCLASSIFIED The front-end analysis (FEA) and publication revision process institutionalize recommendations and best practices into joint doctrine. In the past year, three key MTTPs were revised that feature treatment of CIVCAS (Aviation Urban Operations, Dynamic Targeting, and Joint Application of Firepower). Three JPs are currently being revised that include discussion of collateral damage (Joint Fire Support, Public Affairs, and Foreign Internal Defense). Six JPs have been published since our last briefing to the JDPC that discuss avoiding collateral damage or CIVCAS. –JP 3-09.3, Close Air Support, received comments from the joint force writ large indicating not only that lessons learned are mechanically included in joint doctrine through the FEA, but more importantly that the joint force itself is institutionalizing CIVCAS lessons learned. CIVCAS Institutionalization: Joint Doctrine Internal Review 9

10. UNCLASSIFIED #13-04-872 CIVCAS Misidentification Challenges Lesson: Recently published: JP 3-60 Joint Targeting (Jan 13); MTTPs Aviation Urban Ops (Apr 13), JFIRE (Nov 12), JP 3-24 COIN (Nov 13); JP 3-09.3 Close Air Support (Dec 13). Under revision: JP 3-09 Joint Fire Support (Oct 14). #13-04-873 CIVCAS Leadership and Guidance Lesson: Recently published: JP 3-16 Multinational Ops (Jul 13), JP 3-06 Joint Urban Ops (Nov 13); JP 3-09.3 Close Air Support (Dec 13) ; JP 3-24 COIN (Nov 13); JP 3-30 C2 Joint Air Ops (Feb 14) ; JP 3-31 C2 Joint Land Ops (Feb 14). Under revision: JP 3-09 Joint Fire Support (Oct 14); JP 3-61 Public Affairs (Jun 15). #13-04-874 CIVCAS Monitoring Lesson: Recently published: JP 3-60 Joint Targeting (Jan 13), JP 3-24 COIN (Nov 13); JP 3-09.3 Close Air Support (Dec 13). Under revision: JP 3-09 Joint Fire Support (Oct 14). #13-04-877 CIVCAS Consequence Management Lesson: Recently published: JP 3-60 Joint Targeting (Jan 13), JP 3-24 COIN (Nov 13); JP 3-09.3 Close Air Support (Dec 13); JP 3-31 C2 Joint Land Ops (Feb 14). Under revision: JP 3-09 Joint Fire Support (Oct 14). #13-04-878 CIVCAS Air to Ground Challenges Lesson: Recently published: JP 3-60 Joint Targeting (Jan 13); MTTPs JFIRE (Nov 12), Dynamic Targeting (May 12), Aviation Urban Ops (Apr 13) JP 3-06 Joint Urban Ops (Oct 13), JP 3-09.3 Close Air Support (Dec 13). Under revision: JP 3-09 Joint Fire Support (Oct 14). #13-04-879 CIVCAS and Partnering with Host-Nation Forces Lesson: Recently published: JP 3-16 Multinational Ops (Jul 13) JP 3-06 Joint Urban Ops (Oct 13); JP 3-24 COIN (Nov 13); JP 3-05 Special Ops (Feb 14). Under revision: JP 3-22 FID (Jul 14) CIVCAS Institutionalization: Joint Doctrine Internal Review 20142013 10

11. 11 CONF//REL USA/ISAF/NATO CIVCAS Joint Institutionalization Summary BLUF: CIVCAS lessons learned and best practices are being institutionalized in joint doctrine. CIVCAS lessons have been incorporated into appropriate JPs but we have a few more JPs to update. Need Lead Agents and JS Doctrine Sponsors to continue to review CIVCAS lessons for incorporation into identified JPs. J7 has forwarded results of the CIVCAS surveys and recommendations to Doctrine, Training, and Education forums for further institutionalization at the joint level. UNCLASSIFIED

12. 12 Questions? UNCLASSIFIED

13. 13 UNCLASSIFIED “We should write that spot down…” Going from “lessons identified” to true “lessons learned” is often difficult. It takes time and effort… But, history teaches that it’s usually worth the effort. JLLP …Closing Thought