1. Windsor University School of Medicine
Uses of metals & non-metals Knowledge without sense is two-fold folly. Spanish proverb
Ch J.C. Rowe

2. Metals & Non-metals
Metals : group 1-3
Non-metals: group 4-8

3. Metals
Metals are generally dense, malleable & ductile, strong, have high melting points & high electrical conductivity.
Some metals, such as copper, iron & aluminum, are produced in huge amounts.

4. Metals cont’d. A solution of one metal in another is called an alloy
The properties of alloys are different from those of the parent metal.
Properties which can be altered by alloying include melting point, hardness, strength, magnetic strength & corrosion resistance.

5. Non-metals
Carbon, a non-metal, forms alloys (steels) when it dissolves in iron.
Non-metals generally have low density, are brittle solids or gases, & have low melting points.
Compounds containing non-metals are widespread in nature.
Some non-metals can be made in allotropic forms which have useful properties.

6. Metals & non-metals in living systems
Some elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen & oxygen, are important in living things.
Compounds of some such as calcium are needed in quite large quantities.
Others elements called trace elements are needed in tiny quantities.

7. “Magic three”: Iron, copper & zinc
Iron is the basis of Hb-molecule: the O2 carrier.
Cu is essential for collagen synthesis, the body’s main connecting agent. Collagen is essential for the muscle tone, the elasticity of arteries, the proper development & the generation of ATP, the main energy compound in our cells.
Zn is essential for good protein digestion & helps wounds to heal; but too much, inhibits Cu absorption
Zinc has been shown benefit for delaying macular degeneration

8. Function in living systems
Metals
Function in living systems
iron
Present in haemoglobin, therefore is linked to the transport of oxygen by the red blood cells in the blood; is also present in oxidative enzymes & is needed for proper plant growth
Magnesium
The central atom of the chlorophyll molecule, which is required for the process of photosynthesis; is also needed for some enzyme activity within cells.
Manganese
Involved in the formation of enzymes, bones & amino acid development
Potassium
As a cation, is found in body fluids of plants & animals & is essential for proper plant growth
Sodium
As cation, is found in body fluids outside the cells; plays a very important role in the transmission of nerve impulses
Calcium
Needed for strong bone & teeth formation; also needed for the formation of shells

9. Functions of selected trace elements
Metal
Function in living systems
Zinc
Present in many enzymes, and is needed for growth of animals & in the metabolism of protein.
Cobalt
Present in vitamin B12 & is essential in preventing pernicious anemia
Copper
Needed for the absorption & mobilization of iron in the formation of haemoglobin as well as assisting in the formation of collagen & melanin
Chromium
Essential in the regulation of blood glucose levels, linked to the action of insulin…

10. Functions of selected elements
Non-metal
Function in living systems
Oxygen
Needed as the final e- acceptor in ETC & ATP synthesis. Involved in numerous reactions e.g. free radical chemistry & immunity
Carbon
Necessary for all organic structures & involved in many reactions
Nitrogen
Needed for amino acid & DNA/RNA metabolism
Chlorine
Essential in water balance, ion transport, enzymatic transport
Iodine
Needed for the proper functioning of the thyroid gland & prevent goitre formation; also used as an antiseptic on wounds.

11. Diabetes, Insulin & Cr
Defn: DM - metabolic diseases with prolonged hyperglycemia.
Symptoms: polyuria, polydipsia & polyphagia.
Divided into DM I & II + GD
In 2014,  387 million patients
Mostly insulin treatment
 2004, Cr found to augment insulin action in muscle, liver & kidney

12. Effects of chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity in overweight subjects with a family history of diabetes treated for 8 months with 1,000 μg/day CrP (64).
Effects of chromium supplementation on insulin sensitivity in overweight subjects with a family history of diabetes treated for 8 months with 1,000 μg/day CrP (64). Data are means ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < versus baseline....
Taken from William T. Cefalu and Frank B. Hu. (2004) Role of Chromium in Human Health and in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. Vol: 27, Number: 11. Pg:
William T. Cefalu, and Frank B. Hu Dia Care 2004;27:
©2004 by American Diabetes Association

13. Macular Degeneration & Zn
loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the macula) due to retinal damage
Zinc has been shown benefit for delaying macular degeneration but Zn can increase Cu excretion leading to Cu deficiency

14. Macular Degeneration

15. Metal-related Diseases
Iron
calcium
Before & After 2 years of Ca treatment
Rickets - Before treatment and 2 years after treatment with calcium

16. Metal-related Diseases
Iron
Cobalt
Sodium
Cobalt needed for B-12.. Signs of B-12 deficiency include headaches.. Anemia… smooth reddish tongue a sign of pernicious anemia

17. Mania, Bi-Polar and Lithium
Defn: Mania – mood disorder marked by periods of great excitement, euphoria, delusions, over-activity  irritability  severe insomnia,  grandiose notions,  speech volume  disconnected & racing thoughts,  sexual desire,   energy & activity level,  poor judgment & inappropriate social behavior
Often considered a symptom of Bi-polar Disorder
Defn: Bipolar Disorder – (manic depression)
involves at least one manic or nearly manic (hypomanic) episode. With mood swings lasting for weeks at a time & causing significant work & relationship problems. Affects about 5% of adults in USA, (men & women equally).
Depressive Phase Symptoms
The depressive symptoms that may be experienced in bipolar disorder are those of any major depressive episode, including significant sadness, irritability, hopelessness, and an increase or decrease in appetite, weight, or sleep. Bipolar depression can result in sufferers wanting, planning, or attempting to kill themselves or someone else.
Manic Phase Symptoms
The manic symptoms of bipolar disorder can include the sufferer having a grossly excessive sense of well-being or abilities, racing thoughts, decreased sleep, and speech that is rapid to the point of being hard to decipher. Manic individuals may also engage in unwise activities such as excessive sexual behaviors or spending

18. Mania, Bi-Polar and Lithium
Li2CO3 & Li citrate – mood stabilizer
Med use:  mania ,  mood
 suicide
Side-effects:
Blocks ADH,  dehydration
Blocks Thyroxine activity
Depression
Teratogenetic agent (Ebstein’s anomaly)
Leukocytosis

19. Ebstein Anomaly & Li
Echocardiogram or US

20. Pb (lead poisoning) Aka – saturnism / plumbism
Burton’s Line
Aka – saturnism / plumbism
Accumulation of Pb in the body leading to neurologic & organ damage
Signs of Pb toxicity include:
Depression, confusion
Hallucinations
Learning deficits(retardation)
Death
Sideroblastic anemia

21. Notice the Lead Line (Norm vs. Pb poisoning)
With Pb
Normal

22. Pb Poisoning: Adult vs Child

23. Arsenic Poisoning – Glycolysis
33rd element, metalloid
Found naturally in ground water
Arsenate interferes with Steps 6 & 7 of glycolysis... Blocking ATP formation

24. Skin necrosis

25. Non-Metal / metalloid – Related diseases
Iodine
Chlorine
Silicon
Cystic fibrosis can lead to pancreatitis which has the Cullen sign seen with peritoneal bruising along the abdomen seen above…… Papillary Carcinioma of thyroid due to I excess

26. F helps prevent Dental Cavities
Oxygen & Fluorine
O2 Main function: ATP synthesis
& WBCs use it to kill bacteria via ROS
F helps prevent Dental Cavities
Betadine or povidone-iodine used

27. Iodine & Nitrogen
Depressurization of blood N2 gas forms bubbles in joints & blood vessels. Manifestations can be seen in the skin & eyes. Can be fatal if the bubbles cause a arterial gas embolism. This condition often occurs to deep-sea divers and is called the bends or
I solution is very good antiseptic agent and surgeons often use I solutions called: Betadine or Povidone-iodine
Decompression sickness

28. Mahatma Ghandi
The world has enough for man's need, but not for man's greed.

29. Yup it really is The End….
All the Best 