1. Unit 8 Population Growth Angelique Spruill, MSW

2. Population Growth Demography is the study of the size, composition and distribution of human populations and how these factors change over time Population is the total number of people inhabiting a particular geographic area at a specific time.

3. Q: What are the two “demographic acts” that will affect every human?

4. Three basic elements that shape the human population 1. Fertility-actual number of children born ▫Fecundity-the biological maximum number of children that could be born 2. Mortality-the number of deaths that occur in a particular population 3. Migration-permanent change of residence ▫Immigration-movement into a particular country ▫Emigration-moving out

5. Demographic Transition What is the demographic transition? ▫The 4 stages of the demographic transition:  1. Preindustrial Stage-high birthrates, high death rates (existed until onset of industrialization between 1750-1850)  2. Early industrial-high birthrate but declining death rates  Q: What societal factors affected the declining death rate during this early industrial stage?

6. Demographic Transition cont..  3. Industrial Stage-continued decline in death rate and decline in birth rate  Q: What social factors contributed to the declining birth rate during the industrial stage?  Postindustrial Stage-low birthrates, low death rates (example: US, Japan, some European countries)

7. The Growth of Cities Communities- groups of people who share a community territory and sense of identity or belonging and who interact with one another ▫Small hunting and gathering bands of 40 to 100 people

8. The Growth of Cities 10,000 years ago people discovered how to cultivate plants and domestic animals-the result was agricultural villages and later cities 200 years ago only 5% of all people in the US lived in urban areas (cities), in contrast to 79% today The growth of cities is alive today, more people are moving from the rural areas to the cities Q: Why are people moving to cities?

9. Suburbanization Today, the US is a nation of suburbanites, with 60% of its metropolitan population living in the suburbs

10. Rural Areas Worldwide, people are leaving rural areas to live in the cities There are positive consequences (education, jobs) Q: What are some of the negative consequences of this rural-urban transformation?

11. Consequences of Population Growth Carrying Capacity-upper limit on a population by its environmental resources Crowding Food Shortages Depletion of Resources Intergroup Conflict-also stress in tight, close spaces has been linked to increase crime and violence

12. City Problems Economic decline and large corporations Housing-dangerous structural defects, poor sanitation, and inadequate facilities Segregation and ghettos Crime-violent crime is 5 times higher in cities than in rural areas, robber is 43 times greater Education- A Radical Fix for Schools http://video.pbs.org/video/1146718576/ http://video.pbs.org/video/1146718576/

13. Things to do this week Reading Discussion Board Work on Final Project