1. 16
The
Endocrine
System

2. Which group of messengers is defined as acting on cells within the same tissue?
Autocrines
Hormones
Paracrines
Eicosanoids
Answer: c. Paracrines
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3. Which group of messengers is defined as acting on cells within the same tissue?
Autocrines
Hormones
Paracrines
Eicosanoids
Answer: c. Paracrines
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4. A major difference between neurotransmitters and hormones is that hormones are secreted ________.
directly onto their target cell
into the cerebrospinal fluid
into ducts
into the blood
Answer: d. into the blood
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5. A major difference between neurotransmitters and hormones is that hormones are secreted ________.
directly onto their target cell
into the cerebrospinal fluid
into ducts
into the blood
Answer: d. into the blood
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6. A major determinant of a hormone's mechanism of action is ________.
whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
its size
whether it is rapid acting or slow acting
if it activates gene activity or not
Answer: a. whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
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7. A major determinant of a hormone's mechanism of action is ________.
whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
its size
whether it is rapid acting or slow acting
if it activates gene activity or not
Answer: a. whether the hormonal molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
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8. Receptors for steroid hormones are commonly located _________.
inside the target cell
on the plasma membrane of the target cell
in the blood plasma
in the extracellular fluid
Answer: a. inside the target cell
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9. Receptors for steroid hormones are commonly located _________.
inside the target cell
on the plasma membrane of the target cell
in the blood plasma
in the extracellular fluid
Answer: a. inside the target cell
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10. Interaction with a membrane-bound receptor will transduce the hormonal message via __________.
depolarization
direct gene activation
a second messenger
endocytosis
Answer: c. a second messenger
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11. Interaction with a membrane-bound receptor will transduce the hormonal message via __________.
depolarization
direct gene activation
a second messenger
endocytosis
Answer: c. a second messenger
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12. Second messenger–activating hormones circulate in minute quantities because ________.
they are not important signal molecules
small concentrations of hormone can activate many intracellular signals via amplification
they are continuously released from the gland
neurotransmitters also bind to hormone receptors
Answer: b. small concentrations of hormone can activate many intracellular signals via amplification
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13. Second messenger–activating hormones circulate in minute quantities because ________.
they are not important signal molecules
small concentrations of hormone can activate many intracellular signals via amplification
they are continuously released from the gland
neurotransmitters also bind to hormone receptors
Answer: b. small concentrations of hormone can activate many intracellular signals via amplification
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14. Which of the following molecules act as second messengers?
cAMP
Ca2+
Inositol triphosphate
All of the above
Answer: d. All of the above
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15. Which of the following molecules act as second messengers?
cAMP
Ca2+
Inositol triphosphate
All of the above
Answer: d. All of the above
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16. In order for a hormone to activate a target cell, the target cell must possess _______.
a receptor
a second messenger
the hormone
a chaperone
Answer: a. a receptor
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17. In order for a hormone to activate a target cell, the target cell must possess _______.
a receptor
a second messenger
the hormone
a chaperone
Answer: a. a receptor
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18. When the pancreas releases insulin in direct response to blood glucose, this is an example of ________ stimulation.
humoral
neural
hormonal
negative feedback
Answer: a. humoral
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19. When the pancreas releases insulin in direct response to blood glucose, this is an example of ________ stimulation.
humoral
neural
hormonal
negative feedback
Answer: a. humoral
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20. When an infant suckles at his mother's breast, the mother's neurohypophysis releases oxytocin. This is an example of ________ stimulation.
humoral
neural
hormonal
negative feedback
Answer: b. neural
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21. When an infant suckles at his mother's breast, the mother's neurohypophysis releases oxytocin. This is an example of ________ stimulation.
humoral
neural
hormonal
negative feedback
Answer: b. neural
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22. When the ovaries secrete estrogen in response to the hormone GnRH, this is an example of ________ stimulation.
humoral
neural
hormonal
negative feedback
Answer: c. hormonal
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23. When the ovaries secrete estrogen in response to the hormone GnRH, this is an example of ________ stimulation.
humoral
neural
hormonal
negative feedback
Answer: c. hormonal
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24. Blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by ______ mechanisms.
humoral
neural
hormonal
negative feedback
Answer: d. negative feedback
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25. Blood levels of hormone are kept within very narrow ranges by ______ mechanisms.
humoral
neural
hormonal
negative feedback
Answer: d. negative feedback
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26. Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus?
ADH
ACTH LH GH
Answer: a. ADH
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27. Which hormone is produced in the hypothalamus?
ADH
ACTH LH GH
Answer: a. ADH
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28. Hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal system are detected by the ________.
neurohypophysis
adenohypophysis
median eminence
infundibulum
Answer: b. adenohypophysis
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29. Hormones secreted into the hypophyseal portal system are detected by the ________.
neurohypophysis
adenohypophysis
median eminence
infundibulum
Answer: b. adenohypophysis
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30. The long bone growth–promoting effects of growth hormone are mediated by _______.
somatostatin
somatotropic cells
insulin-like growth factors
insulin
Answer: c. insulin-like growth factors
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31. The long bone growth–promoting effects of growth hormone are mediated by _______.
somatostatin
somatotropic cells
insulin-like growth factors
insulin
Answer: c. insulin-like growth factors
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32. Secretions from the corticotropic cells activate cells of the ________, while secretions from the gonadotropic cells affect cells of the ________.
adrenal cortex; gonads
thyroid; mammary glands
gonads; adrenal cortex
mammary glands; gonads
Answer: a. adrenal cortex; gonads
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33. Secretions from the corticotropic cells activate cells of the ________, while secretions from the gonadotropic cells affect cells of the ________.
adrenal cortex; gonads
thyroid; mammary glands
gonads; adrenal cortex
mammary glands; gonads
Answer: a. adrenal cortex; gonads
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34. A patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and severe dehydration. The most likely cause is _________.
hyposecretion of oxytocin
hypersecretion of oxytocin
hyposecretion of ADH
hypersecretion of ADH
Answer: c. hyposecretion of ADH
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35. A patient is displaying high volumes of urine output and severe dehydration. The most likely cause is _________.
hyposecretion of oxytocin
hypersecretion of oxytocin
hyposecretion of ADH
hypersecretion of ADH
Answer: c. hyposecretion of ADH
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36. Where is iodide located in the thyroid gland?
Secretory vesicles inside follicular cells
Lumen of follicle
Golgi apparatus of parafollicular cells
Cytoplasm of follicular cells
Answer: d. Cytoplasm of follicular cells
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37. Where is iodide located in the thyroid gland?
Secretory vesicles inside follicular cells
Lumen of follicle
Golgi apparatus of parafollicular cells
Cytoplasm of follicular cells
Answer: d. Cytoplasm of follicular cells
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38. Which of the following is an indirect effect of PTH?
Increasing osteoclast activity
Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines
Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidney
Activating vitamin D
Answer: b
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39. Which of the following is an indirect effect of PTH?
Increasing osteoclast activity
Increasing calcium absorption in the intestines
Increasing calcium reabsorption in the kidney
Activating vitamin D
Answer: b
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40. A patient is losing weight rapidly, sweating profusely, and is always anxious. The patient may be suffering from _______.
hypothyroidism
cretinism
hyperthyroidism
hypersecretion of calcitonin
Answer: c. hyperthyroidism
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41. A patient is losing weight rapidly, sweating profusely, and is always anxious. The patient may be suffering from _______.
hypothyroidism
cretinism
hyperthyroidism
hypersecretion of calcitonin
Answer: c. hyperthyroidism
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42. Occasionally, a female patient experiences hirsutism, or excessive facial hair growth, yet blood tests reveal that her levels of testosterone are normal for a female. Another cause could be hypersecretion of _______.
catecholamines
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
gonadocorticoids
Answer: d. gonadocorticoids
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43. Occasionally, a female patient experiences hirsutism, or excessive facial hair growth, yet blood tests reveal that her levels of testosterone are normal for a female. Another cause could be hypersecretion of _______.
catecholamines
mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
gonadocorticoids
Answer: d. gonadocorticoids
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44. __________ is the adrenal hormone responsible for maintaining appropriate blood sodium levels.
Cortisol
DHEA
Aldosterone
Epinephrine
Answer: c. Aldosterone
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45. __________ is the adrenal hormone responsible for maintaining appropriate blood sodium levels.
Cortisol
DHEA
Aldosterone
Epinephrine
Answer: c. Aldosterone
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46. _________ trigger(s) secretion of aldosterone.
Increased K+
Angiotensin II
ANP
Both a and b
Answer: d. Both a and b
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47. _________ trigger(s) secretion of aldosterone.
Increased K+
Angiotensin II
ANP
Both a and b
Answer: d. Both a and b
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48. During times of stress, elevated levels of _______ often occur, which explains why we get a cold during final exam time.
cortisol
aldosterone
ACTH
androgens
Answer: a. cortisol
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49. During times of stress, elevated levels of _______ often occur, which explains why we get a cold during final exam time.
cortisol
aldosterone
ACTH
androgens
Answer: a. cortisol
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50. Along with the sympathetic nervous system, the _________ is the other primary mediator of acute stress.
adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
zona reticularis
Answer: a. adrenal medulla
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51. Along with the sympathetic nervous system, the _________ is the other primary mediator of acute stress.
adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
zona glomerulosa
zona reticularis
Answer: a. adrenal medulla
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52. Which of the following is not an action of glucagon?
Release of glucose to the blood by liver cells
Transport of glucose into most body cells
Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid
Breakdown of glycogen
Answer: b. Transport of glucose into most body cells
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53. Which of the following is not an action of glucagon?
Release of glucose to the blood by liver cells
Transport of glucose into most body cells
Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid
Breakdown of glycogen
Answer: b. Transport of glucose into most body cells
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54. The secretion of ________ helps regulate our circadian rhythms.
estrogen
testosterone
thyroid hormones
melatonin
Answer: d. melatonin
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55. The secretion of ________ helps regulate our circadian rhythms.
estrogen
testosterone
thyroid hormones
melatonin
Answer: d. melatonin
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56. The thymus secretes the hormone(s) ______________.
thymopoietin
thymosin
thymulin
all of the above
Answer: d. all of the above
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57. The thymus secretes the hormone(s) ______________.
thymopoietin
thymosin
thymulin
all of the above
Answer: d. all of the above
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58. Which of the following structures produces a hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production?
Stomach
Heart
Kidney
Skin
Answer: c. Kidney
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59. Which of the following structures produces a hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production?
Stomach
Heart
Kidney
Skin
Answer: c. Kidney
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60. Which of the following structures produces a precursor to hormonal vitamin D, important for Ca2+ regulation?
Stomach
Heart
Kidney
Skin
Answer: d. Skin
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61. Which of the following structures produces a precursor to hormonal vitamin D, important for Ca2+ regulation?
Stomach
Heart
Kidney
Skin
Answer: d. Skin
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