1. Unit 6 – Lesson 2 Islam: Emergence, Expansion and Spread 1

2. Overview of Movement and Migration in Era 4: 500 CE to 1000 CE 2

3. 3 Continuing trends in Era 4: People shared ideas across regions. Population increased and people migrated. Trade networks expanded and cities grew. Huge empires brought many different groups of people together. http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era5.php

4. 4 People migrated to new places in Afroeurasia. Vikings Bantu-Speaking People of Africa Mongols Turkic Groups People of Oceania Arabs Germanic Tribes Chinese Population http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era5.php Stop and Jot: What do you think were some of the reasons people migrated to new places?

5. 5 New ruling groups built on the foundations of earlier states and empires. Empires http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era5.php Stop and Jot: What were some of these earlier states and empires?

6. 6 Sui China Silla Parhae Yamoto Japan Harsha ’ Empire Chalukya Avar Kingdom Frankish Kingdoms Ghana Axum Sassanid Empire Byzantine Empire States and Empires in 600 CE http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era5.php Ghana Carolingian Byzantine Abbasid Caliphate Axum Gurjara- Pratihara Tang China Srivijaya Parhae Silla Cordoba Caliphate Heian Japan States and Empires in 800 CE What changes and what stays the same? When called upon, come to the screen, pick a place in the first map, find it on the second map, and see if it has changed! Turn and Talk: So what was happening over these 200 years? Why did boundaries change?

7. The spread of world religions from 300-1500 CE 7 Ideas Buddhism Hinduism Islam Christianity http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era5.php Turn and Talk: Did these religions spread to the same areas? What differences do you see in where they spread?

8. 8 Who spread these world religions across Afroeurasia? Monks spread Buddhism. Traders and Sufi orders spread Islam. Missionaries spread Christianity. Ideas http://worldhistoryforusall.sdsu.edu/eras/era5.php Turn and Talk: What other ways do you think some of these religions spread?

9. Islam Basics Vocabulary, the Five Basic Beliefs and The Five Pillars Please use Student Handout 2: Islam Basics to help you take notes with this section 9

10. Vocabulary Stop & Jot Complete the vocabulary Stop & Jot in Student Handout 2: Islam Basics. The words are: Islam, Muslim, Allah, Mosque, and Qur’an After you share some of your responses with the class, we will go over the definitions together. 10

11. Part I: Vocabulary Islam [iss-LAAM]=the name of the religion founded by Muhammad around 632 CE Muslim [MOOS-lim]=a follower of Islam. It translates to “one who submits to god.” Allah [al-LAH]=Arabic word for “god” Mosque [massk]or masjid [MESS-jid]=Muslim house of worship Qur’an [kur-AHN]=Holy Book of Islam 11

12. Five Basic Beliefs of Islam 1.Belief in one god, Allah. This god is the same as the Judeo- Christian version. 2.Belief in the prophet, Muhammad and the ones before him (Noah, Abraham, Moses and Jesus) 3.Belief in the justice of God, God is fair 4.Belief in the Imams (or apostles) of God. Shi’ite and Sunni have different views of imams. For Sunni Muslims, imams are worship leaders, but Shi’ites believe that imams are chosen by God to be perfect examples for the faithful and to lead all humanity in all aspects of life. 5.Belief in the Day of Judgment which is considered the final assessment of humanity by God. Annihilation of all life, followed by resurrection and judgment Turn & Talk: What other major religions are similar to Islam? What is the evidence that these religions might be connected in some way? 12

13. Some similarities among Judaism, Christianity & Islam Belief in one god that is immortal, omniscient (all knowing), omnipresent (present everywhere), and omnipotent (all powerful) All trace their origins to the biblical Abraham Main message is to live a moral life in accordance with God’s law Based in holy text 13

14. Part III: Five Pillars of Islam Stop & Jot:  What is a pillar?  What do you think it means if something is considered a pillar of a religion? 14

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17. The Spread of Islam Power and Religion moving at different rates 17

18. Islamic Expansion 622-750 Turn and Talk: On this map, what do you think Islamic “expansion” means? Do you think that everyone in the lands conquered by the Caliphs became a Muslim? 18

19. Examine this map now… The previous map showed the spread of Islamic influence through conquest. Turn and Talk: How else do you think Islam might have spread? 19

20. Expansion vs. Spread Expansion refers to the expansion of territories under Muslim rule – Happened very rapidly – By 750 – area included Middle East, Spain/North Africa to the Indus River valley area of Northwestern India. Spread refers to when people in conquered lands converted to the religion Islam – More gradual – For example, conversion happened at different times: 900 C.E. for Egypt, Iran (Persia), Iraq 1000C.E. for NW India, 1200 C.E for Syria 20

21. Other factors in the spread of Islam  Some non-Muslims, who were allowed religious freedom, but paid additional taxes. Some people converted to avoid heavier taxes.  Easily“portable”  nomads & trade routes.  Jihad (“Holy War”) fighting to protect the religion; sometimes this meant targeting pagans and other non-believers. 21

22. The expansion of Islamic political power 22

23. Political Conquests As the first caliph (deputy), or successor to Muhammad, Abu Bakr faced a crisis. Some Arab tribal leaders who had been loyal to Muhammad refused to follow Abu Bakr and withdrew their loyalty to Islam. Abu Bakr succeeded in reuniting the Arabs, based first and foremost on their belief in Islam. Once reunited, the Arabs set out on a series of military conquests. 23

24. From Victory to Victory Under the first four caliphs, Arab armies marched from victory to victory. They conquered large areas of the Byzantine empire, including the provinces of Syria and Palestine, with the cities of Damascus and Jerusalem. Next, they rapidly conquered the Persian empire. The Arabs then swept into Egypt. 24

25. From Victory to Victory Later Muslim armies conquered even more lands. From Egypt, the Caliphate armies traveled west, defeating Byzantine forces across North Africa. In 711, they crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into Spain and pushed north into France. There, in 732, they were defeated at the battle of Tours. 25

26. From Victory to Victory The Muslim advance into Western Europe was halted. Even so, Muslims would rule parts of Spain for centuries. Elsewhere, Muslims besieged the Byzantine capital of Constantinople, but failed to take the well-defended city. Later waves of conquests would expand Muslim rule farther into the continents of Asia and Africa. Turn and Talk: Why do you think the Caliphate armies were so successful in expanding their power? Make your best guesses. 26

27. Reasons for Success Why did the Arabs have so many victories? – One reason was the weakness of the Byzantine and Persian empires. – These longtime rivals had fought each other for so long they were both tired and weak. – Many people in the Fertile Crescent welcomed the Arabs as liberators from harsh Byzantine or Persian rule. 27

28. Other Reasons for Success Bold, efficient fighting methods also contributed to the Arab success. The use of camels to mount aggressive attacks helped them overwhelm more traditional armies. Islam united different tribes into a unified state. Belief in Islam and the certainty of paradise for those who fell in battle spurred the Arab armies to victory. 28

29. Turn and Talk What were some of the external and internal reasons for the success of the Arab armies against their opponents like the Byzantines and Persians? External? (from outside) Internal? (from inside) 29

30. Treatment of Conquered People The advancing Arabs brought many people under their rule. Muslim leaders placed a special tax on non-Muslims, but they allowed Christians, Jews, and others to practice their own faiths and follow their own laws. As Muslim civilization developed, some Jews and Christians played key roles as officials, doctors, and translators. In time, some non-Muslims converted to Islam. 30

31. Empire of the Caliphs After the murder of Ali, the Umayyad (oh M-I ad) family set up a dynasty that ruled the Islamic world until 750. From their capital at Damascus in Syria, they directed the conquests that carried Islam from the Atlantic to the Indus Valley. 31

32. Umayyads Even as victories expanded the Arab empire, the Umayyads faced numerous problems. First, they had to adapt from desert life to ruling large cities and huge territories. To govern their empire, the Umayyads often relied on local officials, including educated Jews, Greeks, and Persians. 32

33. Umayyads Byzantine and Persian traditions of government influenced Arab rulers. While conquests continued, vast wealth flowed into Umayyad hands. When conquests slowed in the 700s, conflict increased between wealthy Arabs and those who had less. Many Muslims criticized the court at Damascus for abandoning the simple ways of the early caliphs. Non-Arab Muslims had fewer rights than Arab Muslims, and they began to call for more equality as well. These problems weakened the Umayyad Dynasty. 33

34. Turn and Talk and Exit Pass Take a moment and think about the question below. Turn and Talk about it to help generate ideas. Then, as directed by your teacher, write a short exit pass that answers the question. What did the Umayyad Dynasty have in common with the Roman Empire? Think about how they grew, and also think about the problems they faced. 34

35. 35 PROPERTY OF OAKLAND SCHOOLS AUTHORS: STACIE WOODWARD AND DARIN STOCKDILL EDITOR: AMY BLOOM ACADEMIC REVIEW: IAN MOYER