2. Chapter 35
Section 1: The Digestive System Section 2: Nutrition Section 3: The Endocrine System

3. Section 1: The Digestive System

4. Objective Questions What is the function of the digestive system?
What are the major organs involved?
What other systems does the digestive system work with?

5. Function : to break down food into a form usable by cells

6. Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Small intestine
Large intestine

7. Organs Job Enzyme Mouth mechanical and chemical digestion
Esophagus move food to stomach
Stomach mechanical and chemical digestion Pepsin, HCl
Liver release enzyme to digest fat Bile
Pancreas release enzymes to digest carbs, fats, proteins
Small intestine mechanical and chemical digestion,
absorption of nutrients
Large intestine reabsorption of water

8. What Systems Work With The Digestive System?
Nervous System….. Hungry? Full?
Circulatory System… delivery

9. Section 3
The Endocrine System

10. Is composed of glands that release hormones directly
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
The Endocrine System…
Is composed of glands that
release hormones directly
into the blood stream.

11. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Hormone:
substance that acts on certain target cells and tissues to produce a specific response.

12. Major Endocrine Glands
In the head: Hypothalamus, Pituitary In the neck: Thyroid, Parathyroid In the upper torso: Thymus In the lower torso: Adrenals, Pancreas, Ovaries or Testes

14. The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system.

15. The Pituitary Gland: The Master Gland Regulates other glands and… growth,

16. The Thyroid Gland controls metabolism and blood calcium

17. The four parathyroid glands sit on the back side of the thyroid gland
The four parathyroid glands sit on the back side of the thyroid gland. They secrete a hormone that regulates blood calcium levels

18. Adrenal Glands : Aldosterone – (Kidney)Sodium Levels
Adrenalin/Norepinephrine – (Heart, metabolism)
Fight or Flight
Cortisol –
Blood glucose levels (liver), inflammation control

19. Pancreas Controls Blood Glucose Levels
Also many
Digestive enzymes…
Insulin: Store glucose in Liver
Glucagon: Release glucose into blood

20. Hormone Regulation 2) feedback systems 1) antagonistic hormones
(two hormones that have opposite effects).
2) feedback systems
Most hormone systems use negative feedback

21. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Negative Feedback
Negative feedback returns a system to a set point (normal) once moves away from that set point.

24. Our bodies function within a range.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Our bodies function within a range.
The range is found between the set point and a threshold.
Threshold
Set Point

25. Figure 45.9 Hormonal control of calcium homeostasis in mammals

26. Figure 45.10 Glucose homeostasis maintained by insulin and glucagon

27. 35.3 The Endocrine System Chapter 35 Digestive and Endocrine Systems
From drive
Visualizing the Endocrine System

28. Diabetes: an Endocrine System Disorder
Insulin lowers the blood sugar level by stimulating body cells to absorb glucose.
Glucagon stimulates the release of glucose into the blood stream.
Insulin deficiency causes diabetes mellitus: a condition of abnormally high blood glucose concentration. 2 types of diabetes: I and II.
Type I diabetes is a severe childhood disorder in which insulin-producing cells die. Usually treated by daily injections of insulin into the blood.
Type II diabetes occurs usually after age 40, more common and less severe than type I. Although it’s hereditary, onset usually co-relates with obesity. Can be controlled with diet and exercise.
Results of insulin loss: dehydration, kidney damage, neuropathy, nausea, diabetic coma, sometimes death.

29. There are two basic types of hormones…

30. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Steroid Hormones:
All steroid hormones cause target cells to begin protein synthesis. Bind to receptors inside target cells
Examples of steroid hormones include
Estrogen
Testosterone

31. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems

32. Nonsteroid hormones are composed of amino acids.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Amino Acid Hormones
Nonsteroid hormones are composed of amino acids.
They bind to receptors found on the plasma membrane of a target cell because they cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane

33. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems

34. What Do I Need to Remember About the Endocrine System?
*Several glands in body… secrete hormones *Hypothalamus= links nervous and endocrine systems *Pituitary: Master Gland *Regulate body to maintain homeostasis *Most run on negative feedback, but some have antagonistic pairs. (see next slide)

35. Important Hormones Calcium : Thyroid/Parathyroid – Calcitonin
Regulation and Parathyroid Hormone
Blood Sugar: Pancreas –Insulin/Glucagon
Regulation
Metabolism: Thyroid –Thyroxine
Growth: Pituitary – HGH

36. The End

37. Internal feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Negative Feedback
Internal feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

38. Endocrine Glands and their hormones
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Endocrine Glands and their hormones

39. Pituitary Gland: The Master Gland
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Pituitary Gland: The Master Gland
Situated at the base of the brain
Secretes hormones that regulate many body functions
Regulates other endocrine glands

40. Examples of pituitary hormones:
Human Growth Hormone
TSH : thyroid to release thyroxine
FSH
Females :release of estrogen
Males: growth of sperm LH
Females release of egg and progesterone in ovary
Males release of testosterone in the testes

41. Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid:
Thyroxine causes cells of the body to have a higher rate of metabolism.
Calcitonin is a hormone that is partly responsible for the regulation of calcium by lowering blood calcium (bones, kidneys)
Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels. Tells bones to release calcium or kidneys and intestines to reabsorb more calcium

42. 35.3 The Endocrine System Pancreas
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Pancreas
Crucial role in the production of enzymes that digest carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon which work together to maintain homeostasis

43. Link to the Nervous System
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 The Endocrine System
Link to the Nervous System
The hypothalamus produces two hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions in homeostasis by regulating water balance.

44. Which is an enzyme responsible for breaking down starches into sugars?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which is an enzyme responsible for breaking
down starches into sugars?
amylase
appendix
peristalsis
pepsin

45. Cellulose is an example of what type of food?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Cellulose is an example of what type of food?
fat
protein
carbohydrate
vegetable

46. Which glands play a role in the “fight or flight” response?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Diagnostic Questions
Which glands play a role in the “fight or flight”
response?
adrenal
pituitary
parathyroid
thyroid

47. What type of digestion is carried out by the
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative Questions
What type of digestion is carried out by the
action of smooth muscles in the stomach
and small intestine?
chemical digestion
mechanical digestion

48. Where does the chemical digestion of starches begin?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative Questions
Where does the chemical digestion of
starches begin?
mouth
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

49. In what type of solution is the enzyme pepsin most active?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative Questions
In what type of solution is the enzyme pepsin
most active?
acidic solution
buffered solution
gaseous solution
concentrated sugar solution

50. What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.1 Formative Questions
What is the primary function of the large
intestine?
absorption of water from chyme
chemical breakdown of feces
excretion of acids and hormones
mechanical digestion of lipids

51. a complex carbohydrate found in fruits
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
What is glycogen?
a complex carbohydrate found in fruits
a form of glucose stored in the liver
a lipoprotein found in meat and fish
a simple sugar carried by the blood

52. Fats are an important part of a healthy diet.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
True or False
Fats are an important part of a healthy diet.

53. What nutrients are released by the digestion
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
What nutrients are released by the digestion
of proteins, absorbed into the bloodstream,
and reassembled into proteins in body cells?
amino acids
folic acids
glycerols
vitamins

54. Which nutrients contain the most energy, gram for gram?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
Which nutrients contain the most energy,
gram for gram?
carbohydrates
fats
proteins
vitamins

55. Which substances are necessary for proper
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.2 Formative Questions
Which substances are necessary for proper
nerve conduction and muscle contraction?
Vitamins A and E
Vitamins B2, B6, and B12
the minerals Ca, Na, and K
the minerals Fe, Cu, and Zn

56. Which type of hormone sends a message from outside the cell to
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
Which type of
hormone sends
a message from
outside the cell to
an enzyme inside
the cell?

57. transmembrane hormone
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
amino acid hormone
diuretic hormone
steroid hormone
transmembrane hormone

58. Which gland responds to a stressful situation
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
Which gland responds to a stressful situation
by producing a hormone that increases heart
rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, and
blood sugar levels?
adrenal gland
hypothalamus
parathyroid gland
pituitary gland

59. What other two hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
What other two hormones are secreted by
the adrenal glands?
aldosterone and cortisol
calcitonin and PTH
estrogen and hGH
oxytocin and ADH

60. How does this system maintain homeostasis through negative feedback?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
How does this
system maintain
homeostasis
through negative
feedback?

61. It combines the affects of two different endocrine glands.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
35.3 Formative Questions
It combines the affects of two different
endocrine glands.
It inhibits the affect of hormones other than
ADH.
It involves both the endocrine and nervous
systems.
It maintains a particular range of water
volume in the blood.

62. Describe what causes heartburn. Chapter Assessment Questions
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
Describe what
causes heartburn.

63. Answer: If the sphincter in the upper part
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
Answer: If the sphincter in the upper part
of the stomach leaks, some of the
acid moves into the esophagus
causing heartburn.

64. Describe the function of the antidiuretic hormone.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
Describe the function of the antidiuretic
hormone.
absorb sodium
raise blood glucose levels
regulate water balance
lower blood calcium

65. What is the primary function of the liver?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
What is the primary function of the liver?

66. produce enzymes produce hormones produce bile produce protein
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Chapter Assessment Questions
produce enzymes
produce hormones
produce bile
produce protein

67. Which organ stores bile and releases it when needed?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
Which organ stores
bile and releases it
when needed?

68. How does this structure aid in the digestive process?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
How does this structure aid in the digestive
process?

69. It increases surface area. It mechanically digests food.
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
It increases surface area.
It mechanically digests food.
It secretes digestive enzymes.
It traps foreign particles.

70. People should minimize their intake of
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
True or False
People should minimize their intake of
foods that contain cellulose because
humans cannot digest cellulose.

71. Which types of fats are found in corn oil and olive oil?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
Which types of fats are found in corn oil and
olive oil?
saturated fats
unsaturated fats

72. Why does the body need vitamins?
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
Why does the body need vitamins?
They provide energy.
They are used to build cells.
They help enzymes to function.
They recycle nutrient molecules.

73. Which hormone is more likely to be secreted by the pancreas during
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Standardized Test Practice
Which hormone is
more likely to be
secreted by the
pancreas during
intense exercise?
glucagon
insulin

74. Glencoe Biology Transparencies
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Glencoe Biology Transparencies

75. Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Image Bank

76. Section 1 Vocabulary mechanical digestion liver chemical digestion
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Vocabulary
Section 1
mechanical digestion
chemical digestion
amylase
esophagus
peristalsis
pepsin
small intestine
liver
villus
large intestine

77. Section 2 Vocabulary nutrition Calorie vitamin mineral Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Vocabulary
Section 2
nutrition
Calorie
vitamin
mineral

78. Section 3 Vocabulary endocrine gland glucagon hormone aldosterone
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Vocabulary
Section 3
endocrine gland
hormone
pituitary gland
thyroxine
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone
insulin
glucagon
aldosterone
cortisol
antidiuretic hormone

79. Smooth Muscle Contraction Steroid Hormone Stimulation
Chapter 35
Digestive and Endocrine Systems
Animation
Smooth Muscle Contraction
Steroid Hormone Stimulation
Amino Acid Hormone Stimulation
Visualizing the Endocrine System