1. Computer Organization IS F242

2. Course Objective It aims at understanding and appreciating the computing system’s functional components, their characteristics, their performance and their interactions. One need to understand Computer Architecture in order to structure a program so that it runs more efficiently on a real machine. One also need to understand it while selecting a system to use. Such as CPU clock speed, memory size etc. As a computer scientist, you should not treat it as a black box which executes your program magically.

3. Basic Block Diagram of Computer

4. What are we going to learn in this course? Basic structure and functions of a computer. Different components of a computer like CPU: Different Processor Design Issues and their Performance Memory Unit : Internal Memory Organization & External Memory Organization Control Unit and its implementation I/O Unit Interconnection between them. Parallel Processing: Processor design issues, memory design issues etc Multi-core processor architecture

5. Handout and Components

6. History of Computers

7. First Generation Computer: Vacuum Tubes Decimal machine rather than a binary machine Mainly used for large calculations. It had to be programmed manually by setting switches and plugging and unplugging the cables. A ring of ten vacuum tubes represented each digit. Very large machines Vacuum Tube

8. First Generation Computer made of Vacuum tubes

9. Second Generation: Transistors Transistors Made up of Silicon Silicon: Insulator It is made Semiconductor by Doping All the electronic devices are semiconductor devices And most of them are made up of transistors. Boolean logical gates are made of transistors. Combinational and sequential circuits – logic gates Integrated circuits – are made up of these circuits. Microprocessor is made up of these integrated circuits.

10. Moore’s Law Size of transistor is decreasing Number of transistors are increasing exponentially. Moore’s Law: Number of transistors doubles every 2 years. Gordon Moore: Co-founder of Intel

11. Moore’s Law Exponential growth 42 millions 2,250 IBM POWER5 has 276 million transistors Intel Dual-Core Xeon (P4-based Tulsa) w/ 16MB unified L3: 1.328 billion, 2006 Transistor count will be doubled every 18 months  Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder P4 Extreme Ed. 178 millions w/ 2MB L3 Core 2 Duo (Conroe) 291 millions, July 2006

12. Stored Program Concept Von Neumann Model Program is first stored in the memory and each instruction is then executed one by one by the processor.

13. Third Generation: Integrated Circuits In second generation, discrete components such as transistors, resistors etc were manufactured separately and soldered on the circuit board. This made the entire manufacturing process from transistor to circuit board cumbersome and expensive Then Integrated circuits were introduced. SSI circuits LSI circuits VSLI circuits Later generations used LSI, VLSI and new technology.

14. Layers of Abstraction: from application program to execution of program Compiler … lw r2, mem[r7] add r3, r4, r2 st r3, mem[r8] High Level Language main() { int i,b,c,a[10]; for (i=0; i<10; i++)… a[2] = b + c*i; } Assembler ISA

15. I/O systemInstr Set Proc. Compiler Operating System Application Digital Design Circuit Design Instruction Set Architecture Firmware Datapath & Control Layout What is Computer Architecture? Better (More Detailed) Answer

16. Architecture Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer Instruction set Number of bits used for data representation I/O mechanisms Memory addressing techniques Architecture Question: Is there a multiply/division instruction available?

17. Organization Organization is how features are implemented Control signals Interfaces between computer and peripherals Memory technology used Organization Question: Is multiplication is implemented by separate hardware or is it done by repeated addition?

18. Architecture & Organization All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture The IBM System/360 family share the same basic architecture This gives code compatibility At least backwards Organization differs between different versions

19. Computer Architecture & Organization Architecture refers to those attributes of the system visible to the programmer. Organization refers to the operational units and their interconnections. Examples of architectural attributes are Instruction set, number of bits used to represent datatypes like number, character etc Examples of organizational attributes are Processor design including control signals, register file, their interconnection. Memory Technology, interfaces between processor and I/O devices.

20. Example Processor: LC3 Addressability is 16 bit – 2 16 address space 8 Registers each 16 bit – it requires 3 bits to represent each register Opcode is 4 bit long – 16 different instructions can be there Addressing Modes Example instruction: ADD R3,R4,R2 0001 011 010 000 001 – machine equivalent of ADD instruction

21. Multi-Processor and Multi-core Processor Systems