1. Chapter 9 Emotion And Motivation Slides prepared by: Melissa S. Terlecki, Cabrini College PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner

2. PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner 9.1 Emotional Experience: The Feeling Machine

3. What is Emotion? Emotion: a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity. multidimensional scaling: valence and arousal.

4. Questions What is multidimensional scaling?

5. Figure 9.1: Two Dimensions of Emotion (p. 271)

6. The Emotional Body James-Lange theory: stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. Cannon-Bard theory: a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain. Two-factor theory (Schacter-Singer): emotions are inferences about the causes of undifferentiated physiological arousal.

7. Figure 9.2: Classic Theories of Emotion (p. 273)

8. Figure 9.3: Different Physiological Patterns of Emotion (p. 274)

9. Questions How did the two-factor theory of emotion expand on earlier theories? Why is it difficult to identify the origin of an emotional experience?

10. The Emotional Brain Appraisal: an evaluation of the emotionally-relevant aspects of a stimulus that is performed by the amygdala. Snap decisions by the amygdala. Fast pathway: from the thalamus directly to the amygdala. Slow pathway: from the thalamus to the cortex then to the amygdala. excitation or inhibition.

11. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome (p. 274)..

12. Figure 9.4: Emotion Recognition and the Amygdala (p. 275)

13. Figure 9.5: The Fast and Slow Pathways of Fear (p. 275)

14. Culture and Community: Do We Really Fear People… Using fMRI, psychologists measured the amygdala response of American and Japanese youth while viewing angry, fearful, happy, and neutral faces of people from both cultures. Greater response in the amygdala from fearful faces of the other culture.

15. Questions Why is emotion considered a primitive system?

16. The Regulation of Emotion Emotion regulation: the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence one’s emotional experience. Reappraisal: a strategy that involves changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion- eliciting stimulus.

17. Questions How does reappraisal of an event change emotional experience?

18. PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner 9.2 Emotional Communication: Msgs w/o Wrds

19. Emotional Expression Emotional expression: any observable sign of an emotional state.

20. How are we “walking, talking advertisements” of our inner states?

21. Animal Expressions and Darwin (p. 279)

22. Universality hypothesis: emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

23. South Fore Tribesman

24. Questions Which facial expressions are considered universal?

25. anger disgust fear happiness sadness surprise.

26. Why do so many people seem to express so many emotions in the same ways?

27. Because words are symbols and facial expressions are signs For example: think of the word ‘cat’

28. Facial expressions are not arbitrary symbols of emotion. They are signs of emotion, and signs are caused by the things they signify. Think about when you are happy…

29. The Cause and Effect of Expression Facial feedback hypothesis: emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify.

30. Figure 9.6: The Facial Feedback Hypothesis (p. 280)

31. Why are people so good at recognizing other’s expressions?

32. Display rules: norms for the control of emotional expression. intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing.

33. Figure 9.7: Genuine and Fake Smiles (p. 282)

34. How to tell if emotional expression is sincere: morphology, symmetry, duration, temporal patterning.

35. Figure 9.8: Lie Detection Machines (p. 283)

36. Questions Why are people so good at recognizing other’s expressions? Why are people such poor lie detectors?

37. The Real World: That’s Gross! Disgust is a defensive response, stereotyped by culture. Disgust can be irrational. contagion and similarity.

38. PSYCHOLOGY Schacter Gilbert Wegner 9.3 Motivation: Getting Moved

39. Motivation Motivation: the purpose for or cause of an event.

40. The words ‘emotion’ and ‘motivation’ share a common linguistic root that means “to move”

41. 2 Functions of Emotions 1. Provide us with information about the world.

42. 2 Functions of Emotions 1. Provide us with information about the world. 2. emotions are the objectives toward which we strive.

43. Remember, people strongly prefer to experience positive rather than negative emotions.

44. Hedonic principle: the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.

45. The answer to what pushes us towards or away from things is found in our instincts and drives.

46. Instincts: the inherited tendency to seek out a particular goal. Drive: an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality.

47. Which Shows the Hedonic Principle, Instinct, and Drive? (p. 285)

48. The concept of instinct reminds us that nature endows organisms with a tendency to seek certain things… and the concept of drive reminds us that this seeking is initiated by an internal state.

49. Figure 9.9: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (p. 286)

50. Questions Which chemical switches hunger on and which switches it off?

51. Eating Ghrelin tells the brain to switch hunger “on”. Leptin tells the brain to switch hunger “off”. Lateral hypothalamus: increases eating (hunger center). Ventromedial hypothalamus: stops eating (satiety center).

52. Figure 9.10: Hunger, Satiety, and the Hypothalamus (p. 287)

53. Eating Disorders Bulimia nervosa: a disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging. Anorexia nervosa: a disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake. Obesity: having a BMI of 30+. Metabolism: the rate at which energy is used by the body.

54. Questions How do people with anorexia respond to their bodies’ attempts to turn hunger on? How do our bodies react when we try to diet?

55. Eating Disorders (p. 288)

56. Table 9.1: Body Mass Index Table (p. 289)

57. Mating DHEA involved in the onset of sexual desire. Both men and women produce the hormones estrogen and testosterone, at different levels. estrogen regulates ovulation and sexual interest. testosterone increases sex drive.

58. In most female mammals sexy time only takes place during ovulation

59. Question: What evolutionary reason might possibly explain why sexual interest for human females stays relatively the same throughout the month?

60. 2 reasons why testosterone might be the basis of women’s sex drives: When women are given testosterone their sex drives increase Men have more testosterone and a stronger sex drive

61. Sexual Activity Human sexual response cycle: the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity.

62. Figure 9.11: The Human Sexual Response Cycle (p. 291)

64. Questions What hormone regulates sex drive in both men and women? Why was the work of Masters and Johnson considered revolutionary?

65. Women and men tend to engage in sexual activity for similar reasons: Sex is necessary for reproduction Experiencing pleasure Increasing intimacy reassuring oneself of one’s own attractiveness

66. While listing all motivations has been difficult, psychologists have identified several of the dimensions on which motivations differ.

67. Kinds of Motivation Intrinsic motivation: a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding. Extrinsic motivation: a motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward.

68. Kinds of Motivation Conscious motivation: a motivation of which one is aware. Unconscious motivation: a motivation of which one is not aware.

69. Kinds of Motivation “All men should strive to learn before they die/what they are running from, and to, and why” James Thurber (1956) Approach motivation: a motivation to experience positive outcomes. Avoidance motivation: a motivation not to experience negative outcomes.

70. Money as an Extrinsic Motivator (p. 292)

71. Questions When are people likely to be aware of their motivations?

72. Where Do You Stand: Here Comes the Bribe Only 60% of American citizens who are eligible to vote do so. Other countries have a high turnout of voting due to threat of punishment. Should there be a rewards/extrinsic incentives for voting?