1. A NALYZING G ENDER I SSUES IN P UBLIC S CHOOL D RESS C ODES Aaron M. Randolph EDAS 8303 University of Arkansas at Little Rock

2. O VERVIEW OF P RESENTATION Introduction Main Question Research Questions Legal Principles Ethical Frameworks Conclusion

3. I NTRODUCTION Lunch with some colleagues

4. M AIN Q UESTION What can a school district do to ensure the rights of Lesbian, Gay, Bi-sexual, Transgender, and Questioning (LGBTQ) students are met while also having a legally defensible dress code policy?

5. R ESEARCH Q UESTIONS Could a student’s First Amendment rights be violated, if a school enforced a gender specific dress code? Are there federal/state statutes which cover sexual orientation/identification in public education? Are there court cases which have been heard over LGBTQ matters in a public education setting? Does the Arkansas School Board Association (ASBA) or any other public education advocacy group have sample policies which can guide a school district in drafting policy of this type?

6. L EGAL P RINCIPLES 1 st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution Court Decisions Tinker v. Des Moines 14 th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution West Virginia v. Barnette Reed v. Reed Goss v. Lopez

7. L EGAL P RINCIPLES CONT. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 Ali (2010) Rapport (2015) Cole et al (2015)

8. L EGAL P RINCIPLES CONT. State Law A.C.A. § 6-18-102, 2015 A.C.A. § 14-1-403, 2015. Precedent from Court Decisions Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board Palmer ex rel. Palmer v. Waxahachie Independent

9. E THICAL F RAMEWORKS Justice Care Critique Ethics of the Profession

10. C ONCLUSION Current Status Legal Questions Best practice “Schools may enforce dress codes pursuant to District policy. Students shall have the right to dress in accordance with their gender identity, within the constraints of the dress codes adopted by the school. School staff shall not enforce a school’s dress code more strictly against transgender and gender nonconforming students than other students” (TNCTE, 2014).

11. R EFERENCES Act 137 of 2015 for the Arkansas State Legislature. A.C.A. § 14-1-403, 2015. Ali, R. (2010). Dear Colleague Letter. Department of Education, October 26, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2015, from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201010.pdf. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (2015). Retrieved October 2, 2015, from https://www.aclu.org/map/non-discrimination-laws-state-state- information-map. Arkansas Department of Education. (2013). Danielson’s Framework for Teaching. Retrieved November 29, 2015, from http://www.arkansased.gov/public/userfiles/HR_and_Educator_Effectiveness/T ESS/TESS%20Teacher%20Support%20Training/Domain%204%20docs/4f_Powe rPoint_61213_logo.pdf. Arkansas State Code (2015). A.C.A. § 6-18-102, (2015). Canady v. Bossier Parish School District. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2015, from http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-5th-circuit/1047560.html Cole, J. et al. “Brief for the United States as amicus curiae supporting plaintiff- appellate andurging reversal.” Department of Education, 28 October, 2015. Retrieved 2 November, 2015, from https://www.aclu.org/legal-document/gg-v- gloucester-county-school-board-amicus-brief-united-states Constitutional Law -- Free Speech Clause -- Fifth Circuit Upholds Texas School District's Dress Code Under Intermediate Scrutiny. (2010). Harvard Law Review, 123(8), 2088-2095.

12. R EFERENCES CONT. Curcio, A. (2015, October, 15). Boy in dress, told to change, quits Florida School. Tallahassee Democrat. Retrieved 20 October, 2015, from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2015/10/15/gender-neutral- eighth-grader-quits-school/74022502/?ref=yfp. DeMitchell, T., Fossey, R., and Cobb, C. (2000). Dress Codes in the Public Schools: Principals, Policies, and Precepts. Journal of Law & Education, 29(1), 31-49. Dixon, C. (2015). Rights of the Transgender Youth in the Public School System. The Oklahoma Bar Journal. 86(14), 1085-1090. Franson, H. (2013). Rise of the Transgender Child: Overcoming Societal Stigma, Institutional Discrimination, and Individual Bias to Enact and Enforce Nondiscriminatory Dress Code Policies, University of Colorado Law Review, Vol. 84, Issue 2 (2013), pp. 497-530. Grbach, L. (2012). Transgender Student Dress: Free Speech and Protected Expression in Public Schools. Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2 (Spring 2013), pp. 526-553. Greenblatt, J. (2008). Using the Equal Protection Clause Post-VMI to Keep Gender Stereotypes Out of the Public School Dress Code Equation. UC Davis Journal of Juvenile Law & Policy. 13(2), 281-297. Harris, Z. (2010). Breaking the dress code: protecting transgender students, their identities, and their rights. Scholar: St. Mary's Law Review on Minority Issues, Vol. 13, Issue 2 (Winter 2010), pp. 149-200.

13. R EFERENCES CONT. Newhall, J. (2013). Sex-Based Dress Codes and Equal Protection in Public Schools. Appalachian Journal of Law, Vol. 12, Issue 2 (Spring 2013), pp. 209-226. Palmer ex rel. Palmer v. Waxahachie Independent School District. (2009). Leagle. Retrieved November 19, 2015, from http://www.leagle.com/decision/In%20FCO%2020090813098/PALMER%20EX%20R EL.%20PALMER%20v.%20WAXAHACHIE%20INDEP.%20SCHOOL Plöderl, M., & Fartacek, R. (2009). Childhood gender nonconformity and harassment as predictors of suicidality among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual austrians. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38 (3), 400-10. Retrieved October 30, 2015, from http://0-dx.doi.org.iiiserver.ualr.edu/10.1007/s10508-007- 9244-6 Pomerantz, S. (2007). Cleavage in a tank top: Bodily prohibition and the discourses of school dress codes. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 53 (4), 373-386. Retrieved from http://74.217.196.173/docview/228639180?accountid=14482 Rapport, Adele. "Letter from OCR." Letter to Dr. Daniel Cates. 2 Nov. 2015. Department of Education - Office for Civil Rights, 2 Nov. 2015. Retrieved 4 Nov. 2015, from https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2501220/letter-from-the-u- s-dept-of-education-to-daniel.pdf.

14. R EFERENCES CONT. Ratliff, L. J. (2010). PERPLEXING FEDERAL CASES FROM MISSISSIPPI: LESSONS FORSCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS. Planning and Changing, 41 (3), 198-209. Retrieved from http://74.217.196.173/docview/863240263?accountid=14482 Reed v. Reed. (n.d.). Oyez. Retrieved October 3, 2015, from https://www.oyez.org/cases/1971/70-4. Smith, N. (2012). Chalk Talks—Eliminating Gender Stereotypes in Public School Dress Codes: The Necessity of Respecting Personal Preference. Journal of Law & Education. 41(1), 251-259. Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District. (n.d.). Oyez. Retrieved October 8, 2015, from https://www.oyez.org/cases/1968/21. Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972. (n.d.). U.S. Department of Labor website. Retrieved November 19, 2015, from http://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/titleix.htm.

15. R EFERENCES CONT. Unknown (2010). RECENT CASES CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — FREE SPEECH CLAUSE — FIFTH CIRCUIT UPHOLDS TEXAS SCHOOL DISTRICT’S DRESS CODE UNDER INTERMEDIATE SCRUTINY. — Palmer ex rel. Palmer v.Waxahachie Independent School District, 579 F.3d 502 (5th Cir. 2009), cert. denied, 130 S. Ct. 1055. Harvard Law Review (2010). Retrieved on November 10, 2015 from http://harvardlawreview.org/wp content/uploads/pdfs/palmer_ex_rel_palmer_v_waxahachie.pdf West Virginia v. Barnette. (1943). Cornell Law School. Retrieved November 18, 2015, from https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/319/624. Stader, D. (2013). Law and ethics in educational leadership. New York, NY: Pearson. Talburt, S. (2004). Constructions of LGBT youth: Opening up subject positions. Theory into Practice, 43 (2), 116-121. Retrieved from http://74.217.196.173/docview/218833479?accountid=14482. The National Center for Transgender Equality (2014). Model District Policy on Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Students. Retrieved from https://www.glsen.org/sites/default/files/Trans_ModelPolicy_2014.pdf.