1. Hydrogen in the Economy - Near Term Markets NHA Annual Hydrogen Conference 2008 Transportation Applications: Transit April 1, 2008 Presenter Lawrence Wnuk PhD, Senior Director Copyright CALSTART 2008 Clean Transportation Solutions SM Advanced Transportation Technologies

2. Copyright CALSTART 2008 2 Agenda Topics CALSTART –Who We Are A Hydrogen Pathways Strategy in Transit –Background –Three Paths to Market Some Projects in California –Pathways Strategy at Work Moving Technology into the Market –Transit as a Commercialization Partner Getting the Message Out

3. Copyright CALSTART 2008 3 2008 145+ Worldwide Participant Network 3 Offices in Western States CALSTART A Strategic Broker for Advanced Transportation Regional in Name National and International in Targeted Areas

4. Copyright CALSTART 2008 4 CALSTART Participating Organizations (partial list)

5. Copyright CALSTART 2008 5 CALSTART Focus Areas Innovative Mobility 5-Year Goal: To Develop Vehicles, Fuels and Systems that Can Reduce Petroleum Use 20% by 2020 Policy Cleaner Fuels Vehicles and Technologies Hydrogen National FCB Program H 2 and FC Buses

6. Copyright CALSTART 2008 6 FTA Requested CALSTART Explore H 2 Technology Strategy Road map project for FC transit buses –Focus on multiple paths –Identify near-term solutions that move industry forward –Evolutionary approach to enable hydrogen economy Facilitate the commercial business case while improving –Emissions/GHG –Performance –Efficiency

7. Copyright CALSTART 2008 7 Hydrogen in Transit CALSTART Tasks for FTA CALSTART executed –Review HICE / HCNG-ICE activities for Transit –Special Symposiums on North American programs –Compiled engine/infrastructure Compendium –Began refining propulsion systems strategy for “Hydrogen in Transit”

8. Copyright CALSTART 2008 8 SAFETEA-LU Authorized FTA National FC Bus Program Federal Transit Administration National Fuel Cell Bus Program Solicitation –Facilitate the development of commercially viable fuel cell bus technologies and related infrastructure for application in transit revenue service –Identified goals and objectives, focus areas –Multi-year $ 49M (50/50 cost shared) Program Helped Refine the H 2 Technology Strategy

9. Copyright CALSTART 2008 9 CALSTART H 2 Pathways Strategy - Harmony of Technical & Commercial Goals Technical - FTA Fuel Cell Bus goals, objectives and focus areas Commercial - Supplier Teams Focus Enhance Public Acceptance 40’ Bus Development of Vehicles and Systems Direct Path Projects - Full Scale FC, Systems Evolutionary Path Projects - Small FC, ICE, Hybrids Component Path Projects - Subsystems Subsystem & Component Developments

10. Copyright CALSTART 2008 10 FTA FCB Goals and Objectives Commercialization Focus System Developments Components Developments 40’ Bus Direct Path Projects Component Path Durability – 4 to 6 Years/ 20,000 to 30,000 hours Reliability >90% Available Bus Cost – <5x Comparable Size Transit Bus Fuel Efficiency – 2x Comparable Transit Bus Emissions – Exceed 2010 EPA Standards Enhance Public Acceptance Evolutionary Path

11. Copyright CALSTART 2008 11 IAM Some H 2 Programs in California Strategy at Work 40’ Bus Direct Path Projects - Full Scale FC, Systems Evolutionary Path Projects - Small FC, ICE, Hybrids Component Path Projects BDC

12. Copyright CALSTART 2008 12 Direct Path Vehicle & Systems Development Full Scale Designs are Technology Focus Transit Bus - 40’ Heavy Duty Fuel Cell Power Plant Hybrid Design with Energy Storage High Efficiency Drive Systems FC Bus Targeted Electronic Designs Weight Reduction –Vehicle and Sub-systems

13. Copyright CALSTART 2008 13 American Fuel Cell Bus SunLine Program Direct Path Project for Coachella Valley Key importance –One of the first full-size purpose-design Fuel Cell Hybrid Buses that can qualify for Buy America Based on New Flyer BRT UTC Power Puremotion™ 120 fuel cell Lithium-ion Energy Storage Subsystem Improved Electric Motive Drive Subsystem

14. Copyright CALSTART 2008 14 American Fuel Cell Bus Design Features Bus design improvements focus on reducing weight, noise, and power consumption using –Composite materials –Bus body aerodynamic streamlining –Improved air conditioning ducting –Insulated windows –Disc brakes –LED lighting –Video cameras for side view mirrors –Reduced-friction tires

15. Copyright CALSTART 2008 15 AC Transit HyRoad Direct Path Project in Oakland Accelerated Testing of Fuel Cells for Transit –Team - AC Transit, ISE, UTC Power –AC Transit - Accelerated Fuel Cell bus operations underway –UTC Power - Engineer next generation Fuel Cell … reliability increase 2 - 4 times

16. Copyright CALSTART 2008 16 WestStart-CALSTART AC Transit Project Builds on Success Move toward FTA NFCB Program Objectives and Technical Target Increase FC Reliability Increase FC Durability Reduce FC Costs –Capital and Life Cycle Current Success

17. Copyright CALSTART 2008 17 Evolutionary Path Vehicle & Systems Development Scalable Designs/Applications are the Focus Variety of Buses and Lengths –Shuttle, School and Transit –20’, 30’ or 40’ and 60’ Articulated Scalable Fuel Cell Power Plant Hybrids or Auxiliary Power Unit Designs –Conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), Battery or H 2 ICE Scalable Drive Systems Selected Subsystem Designs Targeted Industry Software

18. Copyright CALSTART 2008 18 SunLine Advanced Technology Bus El Dorado E-Z Rider Evolutionary Path Project SunLine Transit Fuel Cell Bus Project in 30’ Bus –New 75 kW Ballard warranted 12,000 hr / 5 Year Fuel Cell –Li-ion batteries replace PbA pack –5,000 psi H 2 storage system replaces 3,600 system

19. Copyright CALSTART 2008 19 Compound Fuel Cell Hybrid Bus for 2010 (BUS-2010) Orion VII Evolutionary Path BAE SYSTEMS Controls –Develop Lower cost / Lower weight hybrid-drive –Integrate diesel/FC APU and Advanced Energy Storage Daimler Chrysler Commercial Bus NA - Orion Bus Hydrogenics - 15- 25 kW Fuel Cell APU –Advanced PEM FC for Accessory Loads Engineered Machine Products –Efficient, electric accessories Lincoln Composites - Tanks San Francisco-MUNI - Transit Agency

20. Copyright CALSTART 2008 20 BUS 2010 Balances APU/Battery to Achieve Lower Cost

21. Copyright CALSTART 2008 21 MES Burbank Bus Evolutionary Path Zero Emission Bus Development - Fuel Cells APU, NiMH Battery Pack - Purpose Built Vehicle - 35’ with 37 Passengers - Reduced Vehicle Weight – 20,000 lbs less at curb Result – Purpose Built, Composite Body, “Plug In”, Battery Dominant, Hybrid Electric Fuel Cell Vehicle NFCBP Project NYC Project Burbank Project Experience Denver 16 th St. Mall ATTB Design Concept Rendering

22. Copyright CALSTART 2008 22 Component Path Subsystem Developments Plug-n-Play Electronics Suitable for Multiple Applications Low Cost, High Efficiency Lightweight, Compact, Simplified Integration High Reliability High Voltage Designs Modern DC-DC Power Converters Smoothes Fuel Cell Transients Improving FC Durability Fast Response Captures More Regen Energy Together Improves Fuel Economy Fuel Cell DC-DC Battery Drive System

23. Copyright CALSTART 2008 23 BDC - Hybrid FC Bi-Directional Power Converter for FC Buses Component Level Path Project Fabricate/ Test Converter using –Multi-phase power conversion & high-frequency magnetics Result compared to current products –Lower cost & smaller size –Higher-efficiency over load range –Rapid transient performance –Smoothes fuel cell current demand –Boosts fuel economy –Plug-n-Play and bi-directionality simplifies integration –Reduces interconnects improving system reliability BDC

24. Copyright CALSTART 2008 24 BDC Intended for Many Bus Configurations Fuel Cell Bus Battery Dominant Hybrid Fuel Cell Bus Fuel Cell Dominant Hybrid Fuel Cell Bus Battery/Ultra-Cap Powered Electric Bus Load BDC Fuel Cell Batteries Load BDC Fuel Cell Batteries Load BDC Fuel Cell Batteries or Ultra-Caps Load BDC

25. Copyright CALSTART 2008 25 IAM - Integrated Auxiliary Module for Fuel Cell Buses Component Level Path Project Fabricate / test single integrated unit with –High-current, low-voltage DC power form –Dual, independently-controlled auxiliary motor drive systems for fuel cell Result compared to current products –Lower cost & smaller size –Higher-efficiency –Single unit reliability increase –Digital control of motors, DC power via controller area network (CAN) bus –Simplifies electrical & physical integration IAM

26. Copyright CALSTART 2008 26 Transit as a Market Place - National & Local Initiatives National Vision - FC Bus Fleet Introduction 2005 2015 2010 FC Buses California Zero-emission Bus (Z Bus) Rule for Transit Agencies CA Hydrogen Highway / South Coast AQMD California Fuel Cell Partnership FTA National Fuel Cell Bus Program

27. Copyright CALSTART 2008 27 Transit Market History - Clean Fuels Technologies Alternative Fuels Initiative Program –Set-Aside for Differential Cost –Fuel Neutral –>1000 Alt Fuel Buses Purchased –Jump-Started CNG Bus Industry –>10% of Buses Now –22% of New Orders Specify CNG FTA CNG Bus CNG Artic

28. Copyright CALSTART 2008 28 Advanced Vehicle Program - A Success for Hybrid Electric Buses Regional Consortia Contracts TEA-21 funded AVP Hybrid Bus Demos Major bus manufacturers –Now offering hybrid products ~ 1,500 in service and growing in numbers

29. Copyright CALSTART 2008 29 Transit Buses Are Ideal For New Technology Vehicle Size Accommodates Early Stage Hardware Fleet Operations, Central Fuel & Maintenance Professional Operators & Mechanics High Visibility & Impact in Community Federal Capital Support

30. Copyright CALSTART 2008 30 Transit - Lessons Learned & Advantages Market Small... 4,000 / year –Must Share Technology with Other HD Markets Hastens Commercial Market –Federal/Local Funds Critical –Continued Congressional Interest Good Anchor “Customer” for Infrastructure Rapid On-road, Controlled Test Environment –Community Outreach Advantage

31. Copyright CALSTART 2008 31 CALSTART Working with Transit Agencies Toward Z Bus Compliance Alternative-Fuel Transit Agencies –Require Fuel Cell, Battery or Trolley Propulsion –15% 2012-2026 of all new procurements Formed a Working Group of Transit Agencies –Seek commercial solutions for the market 2008 2010 FC Buses 2015

32. Copyright CALSTART 2008 32 Newsletter H 2 Bus Source - Getting the Message Out Free objective information source on the progress of –Fuel cell and hydrogen technologies in transportation Vital role in mainstreaming of hydrogen fuel cell buses –Outreach support of National Fuel Cell Bus Program

33. Copyright CALSTART 2008 33 Hydrogen Web Page Another Avenue for Information

34. Clean Transportation Solutions SM www.calstart.org Advanced Transportation Technologies SM