1. 1 America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 2, Part 2 European Colonization of the Americas (1492–1752)

2. 2 Bacon’s Rebellion, 2

3. 3 The New England Colonies What was the pattern of French settlement in North America? What were the goals of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies? Why was there dissent within the Puritan community? Why did war break out between the Indians and the English settlers? Chapter 2, Section 3

4. 4 The French in North America Giovanni de Verrazano de Verrazano Verrazano, an Italian who sailed for the French, explored the coast of North America from present-day North Carolina to Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage. He also entered New York harbor. Jacques Cartier Cartier made three voyages to Canada. The French king claimed the region Cartier explored as New France. Cartier had explored the St. Lawrence River as far as the modern-day city of Montreal but failed to establish a permanent colony in North America. Samuel de Champlain Champlain founded the first successful French colony in North America, at Quebec, in 1608. He also mapped the Atlantic shores as far south as Massachusetts and traveled inland to the lakes now known as Lake Huron and Lake Champlain. Marquette & Joliet Searching for the Northwest Passage, Joliet and Marquette traveled from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi River in 1673. They did not find the passage, but they did sail down the Mississippi. CH 2.3

5. 5 The French in North America The Fur Trade The French in New France discovered that fur could be sold in Europe for great profit. Indians trapped the animals, then traded the fur to the French. The fur trade determined the shape of New France. New France stuck close to the waterways because water was vital for transporting goods. The Iroquois The French presence in North America led to an increase in warfare among Indians. The fur trade caused different Indian groups to fight over hunting territory. One group, the Iroquois, based in present-day New York State, were very successful at both war and trade. The Iroquois pushed rival Indian tribes out of their homelands, forcing them to migrate west of the Great Lakes. Their main enemy were the Algonquin Indians in British America. CH 2.3

6. 6 Plymouth Colony In England, in 1534, King Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church to found a Protestant church. The English who complained that this new church continued too many Catholic practices were called Puritans, because they wanted a “purer,” or more basic and simple, kind of church. Some Puritans started separate churches of their own and were called Separatists. Both Puritans and Separatists were persecuted because of their beliefs. One group of Separatists, those who came to be called the Pilgrims, sailed to New England on the Mayflower. 1.They sought the freedom to worship as they wanted. 2.They made a covenant (an agreement), the Mayflower Compact, that they would obey all of their government’s laws. 3.This belief in self-government would later become one of the founding principles of the United States. CH 2.3

7. 7 Plymouth Colony, 2

8. 8 A Pilgrim Thanksgiving

9. 9 The Massachusetts Bay Colony Though many Puritans migrated so they could worship as they pleased, they did not believe in religious tolerance. The Puritans wanted to reform, or purify, the Protestant Church. The Puritans convinced about 1,000 Indians to adopt Puritan religious beliefs and live in one of sixteen “praying towns.” The Puritan plan: well-ordered families in well-ordered towns in a well-ordered colony. In 1692, after the Salem witch trials, twenty men and women in Salem, Massachusetts, were executed because they were believed to be practicing witchcraft. CH 2.3

10. 10 The Massachusetts Bay Colony

11. 11 Praying Town Rules I. If any man shall be idle a week, or at most a fortnight, he shall be fined five shillings. II. If any unmarried man shall lie with a young woman unmarried, he shall be fined five shillings. III. If any man shall beat his wife, his hands shall be tied behind him, and he shall be carried to the place of justice to be punished severely. IV. Every young man, if not another's servant, and if unmarried, shall be compelled to set up a wigwam, and plant for himself, and not shift up and down in other wigwams. V. If any woman shall not have her hair tied up, but hang lose, or be cut as a man's hair, she shall pay five shillings. VI. If any woman shall go with naked breasts, she shall pay two shillings. VII. All men that shall wear long locks, shall pay five shillings. VIII. If any shall crack lice between their teeth, they shall pay five shillings. CH 2.3

12. 12 The Great Migration The Great Migration refers to the John Winthrop’s fleet of 1630, wherein eleven ships delivered 1,000 passengers migrating from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It also may refer more generally to the Puritan migration of approximately 20,000 English refugees to what is now the northeastern and Chesapeake Bay area during the 1630. CH 2.3

13. 13 John Winthrop’s “City Upon a Hill,” speech, 1630 A Model of Christian Charity Now the onely way to avoyde this shipwracke and to provide for our posterity is to followe the Counsell of Micah, to doe Justly, to love mercy, to walke humbly with our God, for this end, wee must be knitt together in this worke as one man, wee must entertaine each other in brotherly Affeccion, wee must be willing to abridge our selves of our superfluities, for the supply of others necessities, wee must uphold a familiar Commerce together in all meekenes, gentlenes, patience and liberallity, wee must delight in eache other, make others Condicions our owne rejoyce together, mourne together, labour, and suffer together, allwayes haveing before our eyes our Commission and Community in the worke, our Community as members of the same body, soe shall wee keepe the unitie of the spirit in the bond of peace, the Lord will be our God and delight to dwell among us, as his owne people and will commaund a blessing upon us in all our wayes, soe that wee shall see much more of his wisdome power goodnes and truthe then formerly wee have beene acquainted with, wee shall finde that the God of Israell is among us, when tenn of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when hee shall make us a prayse and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantacions: the lord make it like that of New England: for wee must Consider that wee shall be as a Citty upon a Hill, the eies of all people are uppon us; soe that if wee shall deale falsely with our god in this worke wee have undertaken and soe cause him to withdrawe his present help from us, wee shall be made a story and a byword through the world, wee shall open the mouthes of enemies to speake evill of the wayes of god and all professours for Gods sake; wee shall shame the faces of many of gods worthy servants, and cause theire prayers to be turned into Cursses upon us till wee be consumed out of the good land whether wee are going: And to shutt upp this discourse with that exhortacion of Moses that faithfull servant of the Lord in his last farewell to Israell Deut. 30. Beloved there is now sett before us life, and good, deathe and evill in that wee are Commaunded this day to love the Lord our God, and to love one another to walke in his wayes and to keepe his Commaundements and his Ordinance, and his lawes, and the Articles of our Covenant with him that wee may live and be multiplyed, and that the Lord our God may blesse us in the land whether wee goe to possesse it: But if our heartes shall turne away soe that wee will not obey, but shall be seduced and worshipp other Gods our pleasures, and proffitts, and serve them, it is propounded unto us this day, wee shall surely perishe out of the good Land whether wee passe over this vast Sea to possesse it; Therefore lett us choose life, that wee, and our Seede, may live; by obeyeing his voyce, and cleaveing to him, for hee is our life, and our prosperity CH 2.3

14. 14 Dissent in the Puritan Community Roger Williams founds Providence Roger Williams, a Separatist minister, was banished from Massachusetts in 1635, after quarreling with Puritan authorities over two main issues: He believed that the English king did not have the authority to give away land in North America that rightly belonged to the Indians. He believed that the government should not interfere with or punish settlers over matters of religion, and his new settlement of Providence, guaranteed religious tolerance to all settlers. CH 2.3 Other Separatist Colonies In 1638, a new group of Separatists from England founded New Haven, in present-day Connecticut. In 1662, New Haven and the Connecticut Colony were combined into a single royal colony. In 1638, John Wheelwright founded a colony at Exeter, in present-day New Hampshire. Anne Hutchinson Is Banished Anne Hutchinson believed that it was wrong to obey the church if by doing so a person felt he or she was disobeying God. Her home in Boston became a center for those who wanted to think for themselves, and critics of the government gathered there. She was called to trial and the courts declared her “unfit for our society,” and she was banished from Massachusetts in 1637. Ann was killed by Indians while attempting to settle in Long Island, New Amsterdam.

15. 15 Puritan Dissenters

16. 16 War with the Indians The Pequot War, 1636-1637 The Pequot Indians of Connecticut attacked the English settlers. In response, the Massachusetts Bay Colony sent an army to attack them in 1637 in what is known as the Pequot War. The army hunted and destroyed all but a handful of the Pequot. Sachem—a Native American leader King Philip’s War, 1675-1676 Indians in Massachusetts resented the settlers taking their land and Chief Metacom, known to the English as King Philip, united Indian tribes and attempted to drive the English out of New England. Many Indians and English were killed in the war before the English eventually won. The war devastated New England’s economy for years to come and left Indian life in southern New England virtually extinct. CH 2.3

17. 17 The Middle & Southern Colonies What was the early history of the Dutch in New York? What were the characteristics of the other Middle Colonies? Why did people settle in the Southern Colonies? CH 2.4

18. 18 The Middle Colonies Settlers of the Middle Colonies, the colonies immediately to the south of New England, had a great diversity (variety) of people. The Middle Colonies included New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. They are called the Middle Colonies because they are in the middle of the Atlantic Coast of North America. CH 2.4

19. 19 The Dutch in New York A Thriving Colony In 1625, the Dutch founded a trading station, New Amsterdam, at the mouth of the Hudson River. They made arrangements with local Indians to build homes on Manhattan Island. They grew prosperous trading fur and other goods with Europe. Religious tolerance was a firm rule in the colony. The Dutch built the first synagogue, or house of Jewish worship, in North America. England Takes Over In 1664, King Charles II of England declared that the Dutch colony belonged to his brother, the Duke of York. The Duke of York sent ships and troops to New Amsterdam during the 2 nd Anglo-Dutch War, forcing the Dutch to give up the town. New Amsterdam was renamed New York. The colony of New York was a proprietary colony—a colony granted by a king or queen to an individual or group that had full governing rights. CH 2.4

20. 20 The Other Middle Colonies New Jersey The Duke of York divided New Jersey between two English noblemen. In 1702, both halves united to form a single royal colony called New Jersey. CH 2.4 Pennsyl- vania Englishman William Penn received the land that makes up Pennsylvania from King Charles II as repayment for debts owed. Penn established good relations with the Indians before bringing settlers over from England. Most of Penn’s settlers were Quakers, members of a Protestant group that had suffered persecution in England, and who believed that all people should be treated as equals in society. This included blacks & Indians. Pennsylvania became a haven for people of every faith. Delaware The Dutch captured this trading village from the Swedes, who had settled there in 1638. The Duke of York captured it from the Dutch, and gave the colony to William Penn in 1682. In 1704, Delaware became a separate colony.

21. 21 Colony When Settled Why SettledLeaders Charter 1 Their Economy New England Colonies The New England Colonies, 1607-1776 CH 2.4 Massachusetts Plymouth Mass. Bay William Bradford John Winthrop Mayflower Compact 1620-1621; Joint-stock 1621-1691. Joint-stock 1629-1684; Royal Colony 1684-1691 Colonies merged in 1691; Royal Colony 1691-1776 Fishing, lumber shipbuilding, triangular trade, rum, whaling 1623 New Hampshire Exeter (1638) Profit from trade and fishing Escape religious persecution Benning & John Wentworth; John Wheelwright Proprietary 1622-1641; Joint-stock (part of Massachusetts Bay) 1641-79; Royal 1679-1776 Trade, fishing Establish a Puritan settlement, establish a fur trade route Thomas Hooker Self-governing 1639-1662; Corporate 1662-1776 Triangular trade 1636Rhode Island 2 Escape religious intolerance of Massachusetts Bay Roger Williams Self-governing 1639-44; Joint-stock 1644-1663; Corporate 1663-1776 Shipping, livestock, agriculture 1620 Connecticut 1634 Escape religious persecution & establish Puritan communities 1620-1691 1629-1691

22. 22 The Middle Colonies, 1607-1776: Pt. 2 CH 2.4 Colony European Settlement Reason for SettlementLeaders Charter 1 Economic Activities Middle Colonies New York 3 1624Expansion Peter Stuyvesant; James, Duke of York Richard Nicolls; Thomas Dongan Dutch West Indian Co. 1624-1664; Proprietary (English) 1664-1685; Royal 1685-1776 Wheat, lumber, furs, sugar refining, distilling, shipbuilding, trade 1638 Delaware 4 Trade Johan Pritz; Johan Rising; William Penn Proprietary (Swedish)1638-55 Dutch West Indian Co. 1655-1664; Proprietary 1664-1704 (part of Penn. after 1682); Royal 1704-1776 Trade, fishing 1630New Jersey Expansion; trading post; refuge for Quakers from England John Berkeley; John Carteret Colony of Dutch West Indian Co. 1630-1664; Proprietary 1664-1702; Royal 1704-1776 Trade, farming 1644Pennsylvania Swedish expansion; establish a Quaker colony, religious tolerance William Penn Part of neighboring Swedish, Dutch, and English colonies until 1681; proprietary 1691-1692; royal 1692-1694; proprietary 1694- 1776 Trade, farming

23. 23 The Southern Colonies, 1607-1776: Pt. 3 CH 2.4 Colony European Settlement Reason for SettlementLeaders Charter 1 Economic Activities Southern Colonies Virginia1607 Search for gold; English outpost against Spain John Smith: John Rolfe; Thomas Dale Joint-stock 1607-1624; Royal 1625-1776 Tobacco 1632 Maryland Establish a Catholic settlement escape religious persecution Cecilius Calvert (Lord Baltimore) Proprietary 1632-1691; Royal 1691-1716; Proprietary 1716-1776 Tobacco (CAROLINA) 5 North Carolina South Carolina Land Wealth, refuge for small farmers; strengthen English possessions in the Americas William Berkeley; Anthony Ashley- Cooper; John Locke Proprietary 1663-1712 Proprietary 1712-1729; royal 1729-1776 Proprietary 1712-1719; royal 1719-1776 Ship supplies, rice, indigo, tobacco 1732Georgia 6 Settlement for debtors; buffer Carolinas from Spanish Florida James Oglethorpe Proprietary 1732-1752; royal 1752-1776 Rice, indigo,ship supplies 1 5 North and South Carolina formed a single colony, Carolina, until the were separated in 1712. 1655

24. 24 The Southern Colonies In 1663, King Charles II granted ownership of Carolina to a group of English noblemen, who split the territory into North and South Carolina in 1712. In 1719, South Carolina became a royal colony. North Carolina became a royal colony in 1729. Both colonies thrived on tobacco profits. The Carolinas Georgia, established in 1732, was managed by trustees. The trustees, led by James Oglethorpe, wanted Georgia to be a haven for English debtors. The trustees promised that Georgia would help protect the Southern Colonies from Spanish raiders based in Florida. Catholics were not allowed to settle in Georgia. Settlers had to follow strict rules—no liquor, no slaves. GeorgiaMaryland Englishman George Calvert started the colony as a safe haven for Roman Catholics who were being persecuted in England. Calvert’s son, Lord Baltimore, established the colony on the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore ordered the adoption of the Maryland Toleration Act to ensure that Catholics were protected, …however, non-Christians were not protected. Planters in Maryland used African slaves to farm tobacco. Southern Colonies: Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia. (Virginia was the first; the others began as proprietary colonies.) CH 2.4

25. 25 AZTECS