1. Ch. 3 – Section 2 Comprehensive review

2. Standard: Distinguish between the structure and function of the four major organic macromolecules found in living things. 2

3. Molecules of life Life depends on the interactions of molecules. All carbon (organic molecules) are groups of atoms formed around the carbon atom. Functional groups help you to remember the standard “describe proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids by: drawing their organic molecules” Here is a review from yesterday:

4. Identify the Carboxyl group: 4 Hydrogen bonds

5. Identify the Carbonyl group 5 FYI: R groups are where the rest of the molecule attaches.

6. Remember Carboxyl is the combo of the two 6 saturated fat Acetic acid (vinegar)

7. Phosphate, sugar and a nitrogenous base are found on nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) 7

8. Where is the Amino group? 8 Amino groups are found in amino acids which are the building blocks of __________?

9. What are the 4 macromolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins 9

10. We will take one macromolecule at a time and review We will start with carbohydrates. 10

11. Carbohydrates Standard – you should be able to describe What foods contain them. What foods are carbohydrates? Sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose) Starches (potatoes, rice, corn, wheat) 11

12. What other things contain carbohydrates? Plant fibers (cellulose) Chitin (shells of snails, fingernails, exoskeletons of insects) 12

13. Standard: describe the function of the macromolecule What is the function of glucose in the human body? -To provide chemical energy Where in the human body is it found? - In the blood as a simple sugar 13

14. Standard: Describe the structure of the glucose molecule by drawing it. Draw the glucose molecule. What atoms (elements) does it contain? What is the shape? 14

15. We just reviewed glucose. What is the other monomer of carbohydrates ? Fructose Where is it found? Is it as sweet as or sweeter than glucose? 15

16. Standard: You must know the structure of fructose. Draw the fructose molecule: What shape does it have? What atoms (elements) does it contain? 16

17. Simple Carbohydrate Since glucose and fructose are MONOMERS, they are considered to be SIMPLE. POLYMERS – like glycogen, starch, chitin, cellulose are COMPLEX carbohydrates since they are made of long chains. 17

18. Glucose and Fructose are simple sugars Simple sugars are simple because they are ONE ring of carbon. ONE is not used in science. The prefix used is _____________. Sugar is not used in science. The word for sugar is _____________________. Put together, simple sugars are called ____________________________. Glucose and Fructose are 18

19. Molecules with 2 sugars Sucrose Sucrose is not a monosaccharide. Sucrose is made of TWO sugar molecules so it is called a _________________________. You must be able to determine the structure of sucrose, so draw it. (next slide) 19

20. Draw it - sucrose 20

21. The standard also says you need to know where it is found. Where is sucrose found in nature? Sugar beets, sugar cane 21

22. The other disaccharide sugar is found in milk It is called ___________________. Glucose + galactose = _______________________ 22

23. We can test for sugar in foods. Ice cream has sugar in it. MMMMM. Ben and Jerry’s is good ice cream. The chemical indicator used to test for sugar in foods is called ____________________. The control is the color ______________. A positive test result is the color ________. 23

24. Quick review-carbohydrate names Monosaccharides - Glucose, Fructose Disaccharides - Sucrose, galactose Notice that they all end in OSE ????? Sugars end in OSE –this helps you remember most carbs! 24

25. BIG CARBOHYDRATES **These are called POLYSACCHARIDES** The most common one is STARCH THIS is a Carbohydrate TOO Standard “describe carbs by writing about the foods that contain them”. What foods contain starch? Potatoes, corn, wheat, rice 25

26. We test for starch using the indicator ________________. The control color is __________. The positive reaction when starch is present will be the color ________________. 26

27. Polysaccharides are “many sugar” monomers linked together in chains. Polysaccharides are large molecules. 27 There are 3 Glucose Monomers in this polysaccharide.

28. Cellulose – a polysaccharide Cellulose is made of glucose monomers. Cellulose is found in plant fibers. Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on earth. WHY? What is the function of cellulose? 28

29. CHITIN (ki-ten) Made of a modified form of glucose molecules. Exoskeletons of insects, crabs made of it. Very resistant to chemical breakdown What animals have Chitin on them? What is the function of the Chitin? 29

30. OUR NEXT REVIEW MOLECULE PROTEIN 30

31. PROTEINS Atoms (elements) found in proteins are: CHON Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen The monomers of proteins are called amino acids. (also called “building blocks”) Common proteins are enzymes, hair, horns, muscle, skin. The bonds that hold proteins together are called peptide bonds. Long chains are called polypeptides, One or more polypeptides make protein molecules

32. Amino Acids There are 20 of them. They all have the basic structure: The R group changes for each amino acids. It makes each AA unique. How many R groups are there?

33. Proteins Chains of amino acids will form proteins that do thousands of different jobs in the cell.  One of the most vital jobs is that of an enzyme. Enzymes reactions have three main parts: Enzyme, substrate and active site. (video)

34. Lipids- another name for fat Lipids are large, non-polar organic molecules. Non-polar means that they do not dissolve in water, but lay on top of it or form bubbles in it. Lipids store lots of energy – more than any other molecule, even sugars. This is because they have more C – H bonds in the same space– they are denser molecules.

35. Kinds of lipids Fatty Acids Triglycerides Phospholipids Waxes Steroids

36. Fatty Acids Have a carboxyl group at the head end – COOH The head end is non-polar. The carbon tails are polar. The polar end is hydrophilic – attracted to water. The non-polar end is hydrophobic – repelled by water. Lipid molecules are important because they form the cell walls of our cells and control the flow of substances into and out of the cell.

37. Saturated and Unsaturated fats Your book is wrong – don’t read it. Pg. 59 parag.3 Both fats have “carbon chain tails”. Saturated fats have single bonds to carbon which allows the tails to be straight. These fats stick to each other neatly and will not pour. This is butter and crisco. Unsaturated fats have double bonds and cause the tails to “bend or kink” and this kink does not allow the fats to layer flat together. The area between them allows the fats to flow over each other like vegetable oils that pour.

38. Triglygerides Tri = three Three fatty acid tails = triglycerides These are your butters and crisco – saturated fats. Unsaturated triglycerides are found in seeds like sunflower seed oil and peanut oil.

39. Phospholipids – another fat These have two fatty acids attached to a non-polar glycerol molecule. Found in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell. Controls what goes in and out of the cell.

40. Waxes Fatty acids that form waterproof chains. They are the waxy films on plant stems. They are the waxes in our ears. (did you know some people do not have wax in their ears-gene is not there)

41. Steroids These are hormones that are lipids, but not fatty acids. These are formed of rings of carbon with functional groups attached. They are the cholesterol, and part of the cell membrane skeleton.

42. Last macromolecule – Nucleic Acids DNA – RNA Monomers are nucleotides. Nucleotides are made of: sugar, phosphate and a nitrogenous base.