1. Protectionism

2. Protectionism or liberalisation?

3. “You should resist protectionism” Steel industry, globalisation & protectionism Whirlpool Corporation has announced a decrease of 76% in fourth quarter 2008 net earnings and a 13% decline in sales year-on- year, driven by lower global unit sales and production volumes, higher material and oil- related costs and unfavourable foreign currency exchange movements, the company said in a statement. OTTAWA — Two major unions are demanding that governments adopt a “Buy Canadian” policy to save jobs. A pledge has been made by Corby Council, to use Corus steel in a £1.2m community centre for the town. Plans to create a community hub in the heart of the town’s Oakley Vale estate are finally becoming a reality as the scheme gathers pace.

4. Many different forms of protectionism Tariffs (import duties) - import taxes Quotas – volume limits imports allowed Voluntary Export Restraint Agreements Embargoes - a total ban on imported goods Subsidies - a government payment to encourage domestic production by lowering their costs Export subsidies Import licensing systems Exchange controls - limiting the amount of foreign exchange that can move between countries

5. Tariffs – diagram! A tax imposed on imported goods

6. Import Tariffs – Economic Effects Price Output (Q) Domestic Demand Domestic Supply World Price QdQs Pw

7. Consumers Pay Higher Prices Price Output (Q) Domestic Demand Domestic Supply World Price QdQs Pw Tariff Imports Pw+T

8. Consumers Pay Higher Prices Price Output (Q) Domestic Demand Domestic Supply World Price QdQs Pw Tariff Imports Pw+T What will the impact of the tariff have?

9. Import Tariffs Price Output (Q) Domestic Demand Domestic Supply World Price QdQs Pw Tariff Qd2Qs2 M Pw+T

10. Tariffs – Revenue Price Output (Q) Domestic Demand Domestic Supply World Price QdQs Pw Tariff Qd2Qs2 Revenue from Tariff M Pw+T

11. Evaluative skills – what is the net welfare effect now? Where is the NEW consumer surplus? Price Output (Q) Domestic Demand Domestic Supply World Price QdQs Pw Tariff Qd2Qs2 Revenue from Tariff M Pw+T

12. Evaluative skills – what is the net welfare effect now? Where is the NEW consumer surplus? Where is the NEW producer surplus? Price Output (Q) Domestic Demand Domestic Supply World Price QdQs Pw Tariff Qd2Qs2 Revenue from Tariff M Pw+T

13. Evaluative skills – what is the net welfare effect now? Where is the NEW consumer surplus? Where is the NEW producer surplus? Price Output (Q) Domestic Demand Domestic Supply World Price QdQs Pw Tariff Qd2Qs2 Revenue from Tariff M Pw+T

14. Evaluation skills What is the net gain? Has the welfare gain been greater or smaller than the welfare loss? This can be used as an argument for & against use of quotas….

15. In defence of protectionism? Infant industries Strategic trade Agricultural efficiency Sunset industries To prevent dumping! Demerit goods Self sufficiency Employment

16. The end of a free trade union. The 1st of January 2010 marks an important day in global trade economics. China, and 10 South-East Asian countries formally join together from today to scrap import tariffs. Duties will be scrapped on 90pc of goods traded across China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Brunei and the Philippines. Over the next five years, tariffs will also be removed. This BBC news report looks at the background. There is little doubt about the potential economic significance of this development. This new free trade area will embrace 1.9 billion people with trade worth around $200 billion. According to Reuters “China sees the agreement as a way of securing supplies of raw materials, while countries in ASEAN—an eclectic grouping ranging from highly advanced Singapore to Laos, a poor landlocked communist state—see opportunities in China’s huge market.”This BBC news report looks at the background China-ASEAN trade is targeted to hit $200 billion by 2010, up from $192.6 billion in 2008 and $113 billion in 2005. This will make it the third-largest free trade zone in trade volume after the European Economic Area and the North American Free Trade Area. The free trade area incorporates China and Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam (Ref: Tutor2U)

17. Further reading http://openaccessmarketing.com/blog/200 9/08/23/to-niche-his-own-how-do-we- protect-against-protectionism/http://openaccessmarketing.com/blog/200 9/08/23/to-niche-his-own-how-do-we- protect-against-protectionism/