1. DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron Properties 1.Strength 2.Hardness 3.Brittleness 4.Stiffness Depends upon 1.Alloying elements 2.Annealing

2. DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron Gray cast iron 1.Carbon in free form 2.Metal is weak 3.Metal is soft 4.“E” is large

3. DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron White cast iron Carbon as cementite Metal is strong Metal is hard “E” is small

4. DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron NICKEL CAST IRON  Normal nickel cast iron  Chilled cast iron  Corrosion resistant cast iron

5. DR KAFEEL AHMED Normal nickel cast iron Nickel content 0.5 to 3 % Reduced hard spots Better machinability

6. DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron CHILLED CAST IRON Nickel content 3 to 5% Chromium and manganese With or without heat treatment Resistant to abrasion

7. DR KAFEEL AHMED Cast iron CORROSION RESISTANT CAST IRON Nickel content 12 to 20%

8. DR KAFEEL AHMED Chrome nickel alloy Chromium added as carbide Increased hardness Tensile strength at high temperature

9. DR KAFEEL AHMED Properties of steel Quality and mechanical properties depends upon Method of production Composition The mechanical work Heat treatment

10. DR KAFEEL AHMED Effect of carbon Pure iron soft and ductile Carbon addition 1.Increased Strength 2.Increased hardness 3.Decreased ductility

11. DR KAFEEL AHMED Effect of copper Copper increases the resistance to corrosion

12. DR KAFEEL AHMED Effect of manganese Removes oxygen and sulfur as slag

13. DR KAFEEL AHMED Effect of manganese Remaining manganese makes steel 1.Roll and forge better 2.Slight increase in tensile strength 3.Slight increase in hardness 4.Gives a fine grained structure 5.Can give extreme hardness and abrasion resistance

14. DR KAFEEL AHMED PROCESSING Proper heat treatment Strain free condition Fine grained structure Higher yield strength Greater ductility

15. DR KAFEEL AHMED PROCESSING Cold working Higher yield strength Tensile strength Indentation hardness Plasticity decreases Formability decreases Ductility decreases

16. DR KAFEEL AHMED Quality Control Implementation of International standards Function: Standards specify maximum or minimum properties Chemical properties change from standard to standard

17. DR KAFEEL AHMED Standards

18. DR KAFEEL AHMED Standards Types 1.A36: For construction 2.A238:Carbon steel for plates with low strengths and cost 3.A441:High strength low alloy steels containing vanadium and copper 4.A242: Weathering high strength low alloy steels 5.A514: Steel with strengths up to 700MPa.