1. IN BRITAIN INDUSTRIALIZATION & TRANSPORTATION

2. LAISSEZ-FAIRE Rich Business people forced government to follow a laissez-faire policy Laissez faire: no government regulations/ allows for free competition in business Theory: no regulation would increase competition, making bigger and better business Bigger business = bigger profit More $ = helps entire economy This policy did not consider the needs of the workers

3. TEXTILE INDUSTRY Textiles : cloth and cloth products Made from wool (sheep), silk (imported silk worms ) or linen (flax) or cotton (form colonies) Enclosure: can have enormous herds of sheep for wool British wool = high quality = high demand

4. TEXTILE INDUSTRY Flying shuttle invented by John Kay, 1733 Makes weaving faster – meet wool textile demand Loom operated by one person, using springs and levers to move the shuttle across the loom Result: creates a need for more yarn (can’t keep up)

5. TEXTILE INDUSTRY Spinning Jenny invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 Named after his wife Hand cranked wheel allows one spinner to spin several threads at once Thread keeps breaking due to pressure of machine Water Frame invented to improve strength of thread

6. TEXTILE INDUSTRY Spinning Mule took the best of the spinning Jenny and water frame in one design With plenty of thread now being produced, the loom weaving machine became even bigger and more efficient

7. CAST IRON Cast Iron Invented by Abraham Darby, 1750 Improvements, using coke (coal) in iron smelting process allowed for cheaper, stronger Iron products Cast iron becomes main metal produced – easier and cheaper England becomes world leader in Cast Iron production Boom in mining (iron and coal) and factories in England

8. DANGERS OF MINING Deep underground mines = danger of cave in and see little daylight Methane gas (produced by coal) is explosive Coal dust is toxic – miners die of “ black lung ” from breathing it

9. STEAM New machines = Need better source of power replace man-power, and water wheels for factories not on a river Tomas Newcomen invents a Steam machine to pump water out of coal mines by James Watt: Improved Newcomen’s engine, first using it in the mines, then adapting it to Power machines in factories Steam Engines will also be used for transportation

10. TRANSPORTATION What is transportation like in Britain in the 1700s? Why is transportation important? What was built? 1700 Britain has medieval, muddy roads with unstable areas – pack horses only Rivers and boats, but many areas unreachable by water To get products from factories to buyers cheaply and quickly To get raw materials to factories cheaply and quickly Roads, canals and railways

11. ROADS Turnpike system – private companies build it and charge a toll to users James Macadam – built roads of 3 layers of gravel, so don’t get muddy New roads meant stagecoaches and wagons could travel with people and goods

12. CANALS First canal built in 1760 Built a network of Canals to link rivers together shipping (instead of roads) reduces costs By 1900 there was 4000 km of canals in Britain

13. RAILWAYS 1829 – George and Robert Stephenson built the first locomotive - the “Rocket” (traveling at 39 km per hour!) Powered by the steam engine Britain, Europe and North America soon has many r ailways

14. TEXTBOOK Read “the Opening of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway, 1830” P. 142 1.What were the reactions to riding on the train for the first time? 2.Why did so many people come to see the train? 3.What happened to Mr. Huskisson?

15. ASSIGNMENT Complete the “Timeline of Invention” Assignment Share with class