1. Evolution CHARLES DARWIN https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=FpfAZa Vhx3k

2. Evolutionary Theory –Definition of Evolution Process of change through time Process of change through time

3. Theory of Evolution- Central Theme of Biology Explains differences in structure, functions and behavior Explains differences in structure, functions and behavior changes in characteristics of populations through generations changes in characteristics of populations through generations Based on: all species alive today evolved from earlier life forms Based on: all species alive today evolved from earlier life forms

5. Evolution does not necessarily produce long term progress in one direction, but it is more like the growth of a bush. Some branches survive from the beginning with no change, others die out and others still, branch frequently. Evolution does not necessarily produce long term progress in one direction, but it is more like the growth of a bush. Some branches survive from the beginning with no change, others die out and others still, branch frequently.

6. Supporting Evidence for Evolution Geologic Record Earth dated to 4.5 billion years through radioactive dating of rocks Earth dated to 4.5 billion years through radioactive dating of rocks Fossils - remains of organisms once alive preserved in sedimentary rock, amber, ice, tar, etc. Fossils - remains of organisms once alive preserved in sedimentary rock, amber, ice, tar, etc. Life on the earth was firmly established 3.5 billion years ago. Life on the earth was firmly established 3.5 billion years ago.

7. upper strata contains fossils more complex, lower strata contains simpler fossils upper strata contains fossils more complex, lower strata contains simpler fossils

8. (When the strata are undisturbed) lower- level fossils resemble upper-level fossils. (When the strata are undisturbed) lower- level fossils resemble upper-level fossils. This suggests a link between modern forms and older forms This suggests a link between modern forms and older forms divergent pathways from common ancestors. divergent pathways from common ancestors.

9. Supporting Evidence for Evolution cell membrane, ribosomes, and mitochondria are structurally and functionally similar in all organisms… cell membrane, ribosomes, and mitochondria are structurally and functionally similar in all organisms… Cytology = study of cells Cytology = study of cells

10. Supporting Evidence for Evolution comparative cytology comparative cytology all forms of life come from cells (structural and functional unit of life) all forms of life come from cells (structural and functional unit of life) =basic relationship among living forms. =basic relationship among living forms. All cells contain cell membrane made up of double lipid layered with embedded proteins. All cells contain cell membrane made up of double lipid layered with embedded proteins. They have DNA - RNA protein information and communication system. They have DNA - RNA protein information and communication system.

11. Supporting Evidence for Evolution cell organelles like the cell membrane, ribosomes and mitochondria are structurally and functionally similar in all organisms cell organelles like the cell membrane, ribosomes and mitochondria are structurally and functionally similar in all organisms

12. Supporting Evidence for Evolution According to evidences from comparative cytology all forms of life come from cellular level. The cell is structural and functional unit of life. This indicates basic relationship among living forms. All cells contain cell membrane made up of double lipid layered with embedded proteins. They have DNA - RNA protein information and communication system. According to evidences from comparative cytology all forms of life come from cellular level. The cell is structural and functional unit of life. This indicates basic relationship among living forms. All cells contain cell membrane made up of double lipid layered with embedded proteins. They have DNA - RNA protein information and communication system.

13. Comparative Biochemistry nucleic acids are similar in structure and function in all organisms nucleic acids are similar in structure and function in all organisms many organisms have similar proteins and enzymes many organisms have similar proteins and enzymes greater biochemical similarity occurs between organisms that are closely related thus suggesting evolutionary relationships greater biochemical similarity occurs between organisms that are closely related thus suggesting evolutionary relationships

14. Comparative Anatomy Homologous structures-parts of the body similar in structure but different functions. Homologous structures-parts of the body similar in structure but different functions. Ex. - dog’s forelegs, whale’s flipper, our arms. Ex. - dog’s forelegs, whale’s flipper, our arms. Homologies are opposed to analogies. Homologies are opposed to analogies. Analogous structures - same function but structurally different Analogous structures - same function but structurally different These structures do not support a common evolutionary lineage. They do support a common living environment! These structures do not support a common evolutionary lineage. They do support a common living environment!. Ex- the wings of a fly and the wings of a bird!. Ex- the wings of a fly and the wings of a bird!

15. Vestigial Structures Ex. –human tail bone

16. Supporting Evidence for Evolution Comparative Embryology Comparative Embryology early embryonic development similarities among different organisms suggests a common ancestry early embryonic development similarities among different organisms suggests a common ancestry Human Hog Chicken Fish Tortoise Rabbit Calf Salamander

17. Early Theories of Evolution Lamarck- (not believed today) Use and Disuse- new organs arise for needs of an organism. Size of the organ is determined by the degree used. Ex.- an athlete’s muscles grow with use and shrink when not used. Use and Disuse- new organs arise for needs of an organism. Size of the organ is determined by the degree used. Ex.- an athlete’s muscles grow with use and shrink when not used. Transmission of Acquired Characteristics- useful characteristics acquired in one’s lifetime will be passed to the offspring Transmission of Acquired Characteristics- useful characteristics acquired in one’s lifetime will be passed to the offspring

18. Early Theories of Evolution Weismann- proved Lamarck wrong- cut off the tails of 22 generations of mice and they kept being born with tails!!! Weismann- proved Lamarck wrong- cut off the tails of 22 generations of mice and they kept being born with tails!!!

19. Charles Darwin- Father of Evolution- There is evidence all around the earth such as the fossil record which gives evidence that the world is always changing. Charles Darwin was a naturalist in the 1800s who traveled on the Beagle to observe the world around him. He did not come up with the idea of evolution. Evolution had been understood by people before him like the Egyptians since evolution means change over time. Darwin came up with evolution by natural selection. There is evidence all around the earth such as the fossil record which gives evidence that the world is always changing. Charles Darwin was a naturalist in the 1800s who traveled on the Beagle to observe the world around him. He did not come up with the idea of evolution. Evolution had been understood by people before him like the Egyptians since evolution means change over time. Darwin came up with evolution by natural selection.

20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjh I86grU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjh I86grU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjh I86grU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjh I86grU

21. Cheetahs “needed” shorter legs Cheetahs “chose” to have shorter legs Cheetahs “were selected for” shorter legs....because those with longer legs died before reproducing

22. Charles Darwin- Father of Evolution- Theory of Descent with Modification (Evolution by Natural Selection) is based on variation and natural selection. Natural selection indicates that nature “selects” traits to survive. Those traits that are not successful in the environment reduce in frequency and will disappear. Theory of Descent with Modification (Evolution by Natural Selection) is based on variation and natural selection. Natural selection indicates that nature “selects” traits to survive. Those traits that are not successful in the environment reduce in frequency and will disappear.

23. Some terms… Overproduction- more offspring are produced than can survive. Overproduction- more offspring are produced than can survive. Variation among the members of a population exists. Variation among the members of a population exists. Competition-struggle for food water, living space, etc. Competition-struggle for food water, living space, etc. Survival of the Fittest- the ones best adapted to live in the environment will survive due to the possession of variations that maximize their fitness. Survival of the Fittest- the ones best adapted to live in the environment will survive due to the possession of variations that maximize their fitness. Reproduction- Those that are most fit will live to reproduce the most and pass on their traits most successfully. Reproduction- Those that are most fit will live to reproduce the most and pass on their traits most successfully. Speciation- as time and generations continue, adaptations are passed to offspring and new species slowly evolve from common ancestors. Speciation- as time and generations continue, adaptations are passed to offspring and new species slowly evolve from common ancestors.

24. No giraffes don’t do this!!!!!!!!!!

25. So how did giraffes evolve to be what they are today????

26. And how about these critters???

27. Modern Theory of Evolution supports Darwin’s theory supports Darwin’s theory Explains origins of variation. - Meiosis, crossing over, independent assortment, mutations which are RANDOM. Explains origins of variation. - Meiosis, crossing over, independent assortment, mutations which are RANDOM.

28. Modern Theory of Evolution Natural Selection- Natural Selection- –struggle to survive in a competitive environment with limited resources –adaptive traits tend to be passed on to due increased survival of the individual –traits with a low survival tend to diminish in frequency from generation to generation –if the environmental conditions change, traits that had a lower survival value may, in the changed environment, have a greater survival value and increase accordingly.

29. What happens to the white mice?

30. Results of Genetic Variation Structural Changes- are the result of the organism’s entire evolutionary history. Examples include thick fur on polar bears, camouflage coloration, active ear muscles on cats, and an elephant’s trunk. Structural Changes- are the result of the organism’s entire evolutionary history. Examples include thick fur on polar bears, camouflage coloration, active ear muscles on cats, and an elephant’s trunk.

31. Results of Genetic Variation Vestigial structures- structures present but no longer used give clues to the organisms evolutionary past. Ex. Appendix, coccyx, leg spurs on Burmese Pythons Vestigial structures- structures present but no longer used give clues to the organisms evolutionary past. Ex. Appendix, coccyx, leg spurs on Burmese Pythons

32. Results of Genetic Variation

33. Functional Changes- Changes in DNA often lead to functional changes. Functional changes are molecular or biochemical changes that aid the organism in some way. For example the electric eel has evolved the ability to use electrical currents to locate and capture food. The initial electrical output that mutated to be much more potent was from muscle cell contraction. A skunk’s spray would also fall under this category. Functional Changes- Changes in DNA often lead to functional changes. Functional changes are molecular or biochemical changes that aid the organism in some way. For example the electric eel has evolved the ability to use electrical currents to locate and capture food. The initial electrical output that mutated to be much more potent was from muscle cell contraction. A skunk’s spray would also fall under this category.

34. Results of Genetic Variation

35. Behavioral Changes- Many specific behaviors that organisms possess are common because they result in greater reproduction success. i.e. mating rituals or territorial behaviors. Behavioral Changes- Many specific behaviors that organisms possess are common because they result in greater reproduction success. i.e. mating rituals or territorial behaviors. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7QZnwKqopo

36. Results of Genetic Variation Speciation- How do new species arise? allopatric speciation- allopatric speciation- A group of a population gets separated from the rest and the environments differ. A group of a population gets separated from the rest and the environments differ.

37. Results of Genetic Variation Gene changes happen more rapidly in smaller populations. Gene changes happen more rapidly in smaller populations. Changes occur due to Changes occur due to –different original gene pool –different mutations –different environment Example- llamas and camels, Darwin’s finches, marsupials on Australia Example- llamas and camels, Darwin’s finches, marsupials on Australia

38. Who’s who?????

39. Results of Genetic Variation Reproductive isolation- groups that have evolved separately when rejoined can no longer interbreed to produce strong fertile offspring. They are then reproductively isolated and thus a different species. Reproductive isolation- groups that have evolved separately when rejoined can no longer interbreed to produce strong fertile offspring. They are then reproductively isolated and thus a different species.

40. Time Frame for Evolution Gradualism- evolutionary change is slow, steady, gradual and continuous. Gradualism- evolutionary change is slow, steady, gradual and continuous.

41. Time Frame for Evolution Punctuated Equilibrium- species have long periods of stability for ex. 3million years) then spurts of significant change in which new species arise quickly. Punctuated Equilibrium- species have long periods of stability for ex. 3million years) then spurts of significant change in which new species arise quickly.

42. Rate of Evolution - can be slow or fast but the general rule is that if something works in nature it will remain in the gene pool, nature does not reinvent the wheel. Evolution is random and based on spontaneous chance mutation. If a new structure spontaneously arises and it has adaptive value, the alleles for the trait will increase in frequency over long periods of time. Rate is be influenced by the generation time and the number of offspring produced. Rate is be influenced by the generation time and the number of offspring produced. Rapid environmental changes will lead to rapid evolution, if possible. Rapid environmental changes will lead to rapid evolution, if possible.

43. Rate of Evolution bacterial antibiotic resistance-

44. Rate of Evolution insecticide resistance- insecticide resistance-

45. Insecticide Resistance-

46. Industrial Melanism-