2. I. Change Over Time Basics a. Evolution: means change over time i. The Theory of Evolution explains how living things descended from earlier organisms ii. We can also think of this as Survival of the Fittest ii. Example: Wooly Mammoth (extinct about 11,000 years ago) led to the Asian Elephant

3. I. Change Over Time Basics b. Fossils: Show similarites in body structures and DNA between different organisms

4. I. Change Over Time Basics c. Genes i. Definition: segments of DNA that determine characteristics in an organism ii. We can gain DNA Sequences from fossils and see the similarities between organisms iii. The more similar the DNA the more similar the organism

5. I. Change Over Time Basics d. Homologous Structures i. Similar bone structures between organism

6. II. Darwin and the Galapagos a. Charles Darwin i. A naturalist, someone who observes and studies the natural world ii. In 1831, he traveled on the HMS Beagle 1. This ship took a five-year trip around the world 2. Darwin’s task: to observe and take notes of the organisms he saw 3. He wrote his notes in a book called The Voyage of the Beagle iii. He spent much of his time on the Galapagos Islands

8. II. Darwin and the Galapagos b. The Galapagos Islands i. The Island had a lot of diversity on and between the islands and South America

9. II. Darwin and the Galapagos ii. Differences between Mainland South America and Galapagos Islands 1. Iguanas Food SourceEnvironmentColorClaws Mainland Islands

10. II. Darwin and the Galapagos iii. Differences between different Islands of the Galapagos i. Finches Food SourceBeak Type Finch 1 Finch 2 Finch 3 Finch 4

11. III. How Change Happens a. Note: Individuals do not change. However, populations do change. b. A population is any group of similar animals c. There are 4 main ways that change can occur over a period of time i. Natural Selection ii. Mutations iii. Extinction iv. Adaptations

12. IV. Natural Selection a. Natural Selection is the process by which individuals that are better adapter for their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce (Survival of the Fittest) b. Over a long period of time, natural selection can lead to a change in population

13. IV. Natural Selection c. Beneficial traits are “selected for” in nature i. Example: The Iguanas on the Galapagos: color ii. Example: Lyre Bird’s ability to sing d. As time goes on, the beneficial traits begin to accumulate in a species e. Unfavorable traits begin to disappear

14. IV. Natural Selection f. Natural Selection can only work through genetic variation that already exists in the population g. Environment’s do not produce change but determine what traits survive depending on benefits for the environment

15. V. Mutations a. This is a change in the DNA-code i. a change in the gene or chromosome b. These are inherited from parent to child c. This allows for genetic variation d. Mutations occur when the gametes are being produced through Meiosis i. Gametes: sex cells (sperm and eggs)

16. V. Mutations e. Some Mutations are harmful and can reduce the chance for survival i. Example: Sickle Cell Anemia

17. V. Mutations f. Some mutations are helpful and can increase chance for survival ii. Example: Sickle cell Anemia g. Some are neither

18. VI. Extinction a. Extinction is the disappearance of all members of a species b. Happens through natural selection and a possible harmful mutation that is passed on from generation to generation

19. VII. Adaptations a. Adaptation is a trait or characteristic that helps the organism to survive their environment and to reproduce b. It can be behavior, structure, or function

20. VII. Adaptations c. Behavioral Adaptations: actions an animal does that helps it to survive d. 3 Types: i. Learned Behavior: something that is taught 1. Scavenging for food 2. How to build or find shelter

21. VII. Adaptations ii. Instincts: something that the organism knows how to do when they are born. 1. Fight or Flight 2. Migration iii. Reflexes: something organisms can do as soon as they are born. Do not need to think about it 1. Blinking 2. Goosebumbs 3. Reaction times

22. VII. Adaptations e. Structural adaptations: on an organisms body that increases its chance to survive i. Camouflage: allows organism to blend in with the environment 1. Walking stick, green tree frogs

23. VII. Adaptations ii. Mimicry: allows an organism to act or look similar to another organism 1. Coral and King Snake: have similar coloring to scare off predators 2. How to remember: Red on yellow, kill a fellow. Red on Black Friend of Jack

25. VII. Adaptations iii. General Physical Characteristics: 1. Beak shape: for different foods 2. fur: to stay warm 3. Thorns on a rose to keep away predators 4. Flower colors to attract bees

33. Warm-up #1 Directions: Write the question and then give your answer in a complete sentence 1. Explain one behavioral adaptation of the Emperor Penguin. Explain why this behavior is beneficial to the survival of the Emperor Penguin. 2. Explain a Structural Adaptation of the Spatula Sundew Plant. Explain why that structure is important to the survival of the Plant. 3. What is Mimicry and how can it help the survival of an animal? 4. Is camouflage a structural adaptation or a behavioral adaptation and why?

34. VIII. Biodiversity a. Biodiversity is: the number of different species in a given area a. Ecosystem: Living and non-living things working together and interacting like a system

35. VIII. Biodiversity c. Biodiversity depends on Four Factors i. Climate: Warm, tropical areas tend to have more biodiversity than low temperature, low rainfall areas ii. Area: the larger the area of an ecosystem the more biodiversity

36. VIII. Biodiversity iii. Genetic Diversity: the more variation of genes the more likely there is to be different types of animals iv. Niche Diversity: a niche is a special spot for an organism to fill 1. the more diverse the niche, like a coral reef, the more types of life forms it can provide for

37. IX. Extinction a. Extinction: occurs when an organism is unable to adapt to an environment change b. First, the species becomes a threatened species i. At risk of becoming endangered c. Second, the species becomes endangered i. At risk of becoming extinct