1. Water Storyboard Availability: source, sinks and measurements Fresh water quality: Green, blue and grey water Example: the connection between energy use and water use Water footprints depend on cultural practices rather than human necessities Using Meadow’s hierarchy of systems interventions reveals high-leveraged opportunities Expanding IPAT equation reveals high-leverage design opportunities Stocks: The water footprint Sources and sinks: the water cycle Awareness of facts: Fresh water resources differ in quality and availability Main point Fresh water resources are critical to all life forms and therefore its use should be minimized in designs Awareness of strategies: Human practices can shift toward less impactful & restoring alternatives Awareness of personal role: High leverage interventions involve shifts in human behavior Flows: Global consumption Water This work was made possible in part by the National Science Foundation Grant DUE#0717428 | Jane Qiong Zhang and Linda Vanasupa

2. Water An Introduction to Water 2

3. Water System Boundary Conceptually “separates” the system and surroundings A closed thermodynamic system Global water picture 3 E Can exchange energy but not enough mass to affect its thermodynamic state Classroom Activity (5 minutes) In a closed thermodynamic system, is the amount of fresh water available variable or fixed?

4. Water The global water picture: do we have enough? 96.5% ocean 2.5% fresh water 0.1 % in air Classroom Activity (5-10 minutes) Turn to your neighbor and determine what you’d need to know in order to answer the question, “Is this enough water?” Global water stock ~1.4 x 10 9 km 3

5. Water Fresh water scarcity “Almost half the world’s population face a scarcity of water.” The Millennium Development Goals Report 2008, The United Nations Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability  Target 3: Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Classroom Activity (5-10 minutes) If engineered products, goods and services cause water shortages and subsequent risks to human welfare in a remote part of the globe, is this of a concern to engineers? Why or why not?

6. Water Quality measures of water

7. Water Lacking improved water supply and sanitation

8. Water Number of months when blue water footprint > availability Classroom Activity (5-10 minutes) What would it mean to if the people in a region to have a blue water footprint that is larger that what is available through rivers and groundwater? Hoekstra AY, Mekonnen MM, Chapagain AK, Mathews RE, et al. (2012) Global Monthly Water Scarcity: Blue Water Footprints versus Blue Water Availability. PLoS ONE 7(2): e32688. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0032688 http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032688

9. Water Water stocks and flows 9

10. Water Hydrologic Cycle J.R. Mihelcic and J.B. Zimmerman (Environmental Engineering: Fundamentals, Sustainability, Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010).

11. Water Water Resources Surface water groundwater Reclaimed water precipitation Classroom Activity (5-10 minutes) Do you consider the ocean a water resource? Why or why not?

12. Water Freshwater Availability Classroom Activity (5-10 minutes) Some companies want to harvest glaciers to sell for fresh water. Do you consider this a good idea? Why or why not?

13. Water Water use 13

14. Water Water footprint for products Water input to each stage in the product life cycle + water required to dilute pollutants = water footprint materials, energy, water waste, heat, toxins

15. Water Consumption defined Consumptive water use evaporated, transpired, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by humans or livestock, or otherwise removed from an immediate water environment Classroom Activity (10-20 minutes) Make a schematic sketch of the hydrological cycle. Indicate where in the cycle that there is “non-consumptive” uses of water and consumptive uses of water? Suggest how consumptive uses can be converted to non-consumptive uses. Consumptive-use coefficient

16. Water Water Withdrawal vs. Consumption Classroom Activity (5-10 minutes) What do you conclude from this data?

17. Water Water footprint (WF) definitions Source of water: WF Category: Classroom Activity (5-10 minutes) According to Hoekstra and Mekennon, the average US inhabitant had a WF of 2842 m 3 /yr, the average China inhabitant had a WF of 1071 m 3 /yr, and the average India inhabitant had a WF of 1089 m 3 /yr from 1996-2005. What do you think accounts for this difference?

18. Water Coffee and Tea for the Netherlands Source: Waterfootprint.org

19. Water Water consumption: electricity

20. Water Water consumption: electricity

21. Water Water consumption: fuels Class Activity (5 minutes) What conclusions do you draw from this data set? What questions does this data bring up?

22. Water Water treatment 22

23. Water Treatment process

24. Water Water treatment in the United States Industrial era methods Classroom Activity (5-10 minutes) What is of a greater concern, water consumption or energy consumption? Why? Can the energy for pumping be reduce? How?

25. Water Developing world: point-of-use methods Filtration through fabric Pathogens remain Personal filters Removes guinea worm

26. Water Hierarchy of Water Needs Long term- Lasting Solution Medium term- Maintaining Short term- Survival