1. By: Megan, Ralph, Dayan, and Rae

2. Family Education Architecture Culture Art Important People Important Cities Important Events TOPICS

3. Men 20-60 and women 20-50 were required to be married. If they got divorced, remarried in 6 months and widowed remarried in 1 year. Augustus criminalized adultery and even passed laws to ensure marriages stayed intact Augustus punished childless adults by making them pay high taxes and depriving them of inheritance. The larger your family was the better it was and more respect you got. This was a way that Augustus was trying to take back the country. There were more slaves and freed slaves than actual citizens. As far as Augustus himself, his wife held the family together and she was considered a “female leader”. FAMILY

4. Patricians (wealthy romans) hired Greek philosophers to teach their children in their own homes and tutors for their daughters. Middle class Romans sent their kids to school until they were 12 to learn the four important topics. They believe in educating their boys and girls the same. The Greeks and Romans wanted to learn each other's language. Most Romans learned Greek from a teacher named Grammaticus. EDUCATION

5. The Roman did not invent the arch; however, they did master it. They did however invent concrete Triumphal arches were erected by the Romans to commemorate the great militaries which marched through them ARCHITECTURE The Arch of Titus was constructed of concrete and faced with marble, its inside walls decorated with narrative reliefs. One of them shows Titus’s soldiers marching. In the foreground, the soldiers carry the golden Ark of the Covenant, and behind that a menorah, the sacred Jewish candelabrum, also made of gold. With their knowledge of the arch and their use of concrete, the created the Vault.

6. The Façade Temple (Pantheon): originally set on a high podium with its 8 massive Corinthian columns and portico behind which are massive bronze doors. This style of Roman architecture is highly influential on American buildings and so forth. The U.S. Capitol for instance resembles the Pantheon Rome. Oculus aka The Oculus (the Eye): the only roman building constructed during the Roman Empire that still stands. It admits light which forms around spotlight that moves around the building during the course of the day. The Oculus is supposed to symbolize the “Eye of the Gods” and the skylight shining through symbolizes the Heavens. Bronze- the Romans use bronze often in their art, weapons, etc. So much so that it was named the Bronze Age once discovered similar to the Stone Age and so forth. It was indestructible as a weapon and for shield use. Not only was it good for war, but it created profit amongst trade and art work. ARCHITECTURE CONTINUED

7. Etruscan myth of Romulus and Remulus (origin of Rome): there were two twins, Romulus and Remulus, who were abandoned and nurtured by a she- wolf. Later a shepherd and his wife found them and raised them to manhood. Romulus wanted to found a city on the Palatine hill. Remulus wanted to found a city on Aventine hill. To determine the site, the 2 brothers fought till the death. Remulus died and Romulus founded a city and named it Rome. CULTURE

8. Roman culture originated from the Greeks and the Etruscans The Greeks brought to Rome the gifts of art, rhetoric, and scientific knowledge. Most of what we know about the Etruscans comes from their art, because no Etruscan literature survives. Thamugadi was a roman city that tells us more more about Roman than any other Roman city. This city also represents the conscious Roman decision to Romanize the world. Roman cities had a forum, public square, public baths, libraries, a theatre, and several markets. Other key components of a roman city include amphitheaters, temples, arches, roads, fortresses, aqueducts, and many monuments. CULTURE CONTINUED…

9. “Roman Empire extended from the Atlantic ocean in the west to Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine, in the east, and from Scotland in the north to the Sahara Desert in North Africa.” CULTURE CONTINUED…

10. Roman art depicted current events rather than Mythology like their Greek founders. ART For example: Augustus of Primaporta: this marble statue was carved when Augustus defeated an army in the Asian Minor.

11. Emperor Titus- Mainly known for his military accomplishments. He also finished the coliseum project his father started where most of the Gladiator fights and events took place. Hadrian- A Roman emperor best known for building “Hadrian’s Wall” which marked the northern limit of Roman Britain. He also rebuilt the Pantheon Rome, one of the most influential buildings in the world. Marcus Cicero- Was a Philosopher, translator, linguist. He created a lot of Latin philosophical vocabulary. He was also a successful lawyer and politic. Julius Caesar- He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republican into the Roman Empire Augustus- the founder of the Roman empire and its first emperor. He also started the Pax Romana. It was a long peaceful period of time with no military involvement. Started in 27 BCE and ended in 180 AD IMPORTANT PEOPLE

12. Pompeii- A once flourishing city known for the Temple of Apollo and influential art styles. Herculaneum- A city mainly known for being lost after the Volcano in 79AD buried it along with a few others. It is also seen as the source of the first Roman skeletal and physical remains available for scientific study. Naples- Is the Capitol of Campania which is the third largest city in Rome. IMPORTANT CITIES

13. Volcano Vesuvius: One of the most dangerous volcanos in the world erupted during 79 AD destroyed and buried some important Roman cities such as Pompeii known for its Giant theatre and Erotic artwork. And Herculaneum named after the Greek hero “Herakles” better known as Hercules under several meters of ash. (eye witnesses: Pliny the Elder and Pliny the Younger) ^^^LOOK AT READING 6.10 ON PAGE 202^^^ Punic wars: the Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. The main cause of the Punic Wars was the fight of interests between the existing Carthaginian Empire and the expanding Roman Republic. IMPORTANT EVENTS