1. Opening Assignment Review of Ch. 9 Part 1
The Central Nervous System is made up of the _____________ & ____________ ______________.
The Peripheral nervous system is made up of the __________________ nerves.
Neuroglial cells fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis. Four are found in the ________________ and the last in the __________________.
_______________________ cells are small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris.
________________________form myelin in the brain and spinal cord.
__________________ are near blood vessels and support structures, aid in metabolism, and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces.
________________cover the inside of ventricles and form choroid plexuses within the ventricles.
______________________ cells are the myelin-producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system.
Neuron Structure: A neuron has a ____________ ____________with mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi apparatus, chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies) containing rough endoplasmic reticulum, and neurofibrils. Nerve fibers include a solitary out going _____________ and numerous _________________which bring in the impulse from the receptors.
Larger axons in the PNS are enclosed by sheaths of _________________ provided by _______________ cells and are myelinated fibers.
Narrow gaps in the myelin sheath are called _________ of ____________________.
Neurons can be classified by _____________________ and __________________________.

2. Opening Assignment Review of Ch. 9 Part 1
The Central Nervous System is made up of the _brain __ & ___spinal cord______.
The Peripheral nervous system is made up of the __peripheral____ nerves.
Neuroglial cells fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myelin, and carry on phagocytosis. Four are found in the ___CNS______ and the last in the ___PNS_______________.
______microglial_________________ cells are small cells that phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris.
__oligodendrocytes______________________form myelin in the brain and spinal cord.
___astrocytes_______________ are near blood vessels and support structures, aid in metabolism, and respond to brain injury by filling in spaces.
____ependymal____________cover the inside of ventricles and form choroid plexuses within the ventricles.
_____Schwann_________________ cells are the myelin-producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system.
Neuron Structure: A neuron has a _cell body______with mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi apparatus, chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies) containing rough endoplasmic reticulum, and neurofibrils. Nerve fibers include a solitary out going _axon__ and numerous __dendrites_______which bring in the impulse from the receptors.
Larger axons in the PNS are enclosed by sheaths of __myelin________ provided by ___Schwann_____ cells.
Narrow gaps in the myelin sheath are called __Nodes___ of ___Ranvier______.
Neurons can be classified by ______structure_____ and _ function______________.

3. More review . . .
Neurons classified by function: Fill in the blank with one of the following: interneurons, motor neurons, sensory neurons
______________________neurons (afferent neurons) conduct impulses from peripheral nervous system to the CNS.
_______________________ are multipolar neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons.
____________________neurons are multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors.
Fill in the blanks below with one of the following:
neurotransmitters, myelinated, salutatory, unmyelinated, synapse, vesicles, knob, cleft, excitatory, inhibitory
_______________________________ fibers conduct impulses over their entire membrane surface.
__________________ fibers conduct impulses from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier, a phenomenon called _____________________ conduction. This conduction is many times faster than in unmyelinated neurons.
The junction between two communicating neurons is called a __________________;
When an impulse reaches the synaptic ___________________ of an axon, synaptic ________________ release chemicals called _______________________ into the synaptic ______________________. These chemicals react with specific receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.
Neurotransmitters that increase postsynaptic membrane permeability to sodium ions may trigger impulses and are thus ______________________.
Other neurotransmitters may decrease membrane permeability to sodium ions, reducing the chance that it will reach threshold , and are thus________________________.

4. Ch. 9 The Nervous System Part 2 – Brain and Spinal Cord
By Mrs. Shaw

5. Student Learning Goals
Chapter 9:  Nervous System: Students will be able to
Describe the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems and name the major divisions of the nervous system. (SC.912.L.14.21) Part 1
Describe the physiology of nerve conduction, including the generator potential, action potential, and the synapse. (SC.912.L ) Part 1
Identify the parts of a reflex arc. (SC.912.L ) Part 1
Identify the major parts of a cross section through the spinal cord. (SC.912.L ) Part 2
Identify the functions of the major parts of the brain, including the meninges, medulla, pons, midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebellum and cerebrum (SC.912.L ) Part 2
Identify the major functions of the spinal cord. (SC.912.L ) Part 2

6. Opening Assignment
What are the layered membranes that surround and protect the brain called?
List the 3 layers in order from the outside to inside.
Differentiate between the epidural and subarachnoid space.
Differentiate between the ascending and descending nerve tracts.

7. Opening Assignment ANSWERS
What are the layered membranes that surround and protect the brain called? meninges
List the 3 layers in order from the outside to inside. Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater
Differentiate between the epidural and subarachnoid space. Epidural surrounds the Dura mater and is composed of primarily adipose (fat) tissue. The subarachnoid space is below the Arachnoid mater and is filled with Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Differentiate between the ascending and descending nerve tracts.
Ascending travels up to brain and includes sensory impulses from PNS.
Descending tract travels down from brain and include motor impulses to PNS

8. 9.11 Meninges
The Brain lies in the cranial cavity and the spinal cord occupies the vertebral canal.
Layered membranes called meninges lie between these bony coverings and the soft tissues of the CNS.

9. 3 Layers of Meninges
Dura mater: outer layer made of tough fibrous connective tissue.
Arachnoid mater: middle layer of thin weblike tissue that lacks blood vessels.
Pia mater: Inner layer of very thin tissue that contains many nerves and blood vessels.
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the arachnoid and pia mater called the subarachnoid space.

10. Spinal Meninges
The sheath around the spinal cord is separated from the vertebrae by an epidural space.

11. Spinal Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the arachnoid and pia mater called the subarachnoid space.
A spinal tap is a procedure that collects some of this cerebrospinal fluid to test it for infection or disease.

12. 9.12 Spinal Cord
Gray matter: looks grey because it lacks myelin sheath and is located in the central area of the spinal cord.
White matter: White matter, made up of bundles of myelinated nerve fibers (nerve tracts), surrounds the butterfly-shaped core of gray matter.
Spinal cord consists of 31 spinal nerve pairs.
Central canal: contains CSF
(cerebrospinal fluid)

13. Functions of the Spinal Cord
The spinal cord functions in 2 ways
To conduct nerve impulses
To serve as a center for spinal reflexes

14. Nerve Tracts

15. 9.13 Brain
The brain is the largest and most complex portion of the nervous system containing 100 billion multipolar neurons.
The brain is divided into 4 main divisions; the cerebrum, the diencephalon, the brainstem, and the cerebellum.

16. Structure of the Cerebrum
The Cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain. It is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure. A deep ridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum connects the two halves.
The surface of the cerebrum has ridges, or convolutions separated by grooves.
A shallow groove is called a sulcus and deep grooves are called fissures.

17. Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres
The lobes of the cerebral hemispheres are named according to the bones they underlie.
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Insula

18. Cerebral Cortex
A thin layer of gray matter, the cerebral cortex, lies on the outside of the cerebrum and contains 75% of the cell bodies in the nervous system.

19. Functions of the Cerebrum
Describe the following cerebral function regions:
Sensory:
located in several cerebral lobes
interpret impulses
Motor:
located in frontal lobes primarily
send impulses to release neurotransmitters
Association:
combination of sensory and motor
found in anterior portions of frontal and throughout parietal and temporal lobes
they analyze and interpret sensory experiences, memory, judgement, and emotion.

20. Hemisphere Dominance
Both cerebral hemispheres function in receiving and analyzing sensory input and sending motor impulses to the opposite side of the body. Most people exhibit hemisphere dominance for the language-related activities of speech, writing, and reading. The left hemisphere is dominant in 90% of the population. The non-dominant hemisphere specializes in nonverbal communication, emotional and intuitive thinking. Left = logical, analytical Right = Creative, intuitive

21. Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
The ventricles are a series of cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem.
There are 4 ventricles. The ventricles are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord, and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Choroid plexuses, specialized capillaries from the pia mater, secrete the CSF.
Cerebrospinal fluid functions to support and protect the brain.

22. Check for Understanding
What are the 4 parts of the brain?
What are the 5 lobes of the Cerebrum?
The folds of the cerebrum are called ___________________________. The small grooves are called ____________________ and the deep grooves are called __________________________.
The thin outer layer of grey matter that covers the cerebrum is called the ___________________________________________________.

23. Check for Understanding ANSWERS
What are the 4 parts of the brain? Cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum
What are the 5 lobes of the Cerebrum? Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
The folds of the cerebrum are called convolutions. The small grooves are called sulci and the deep grooves are called fissures.
The thin outer layer of grey matter that covers the cerebrum is called the cerebral cortex.

24. The Cerebrum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VLt3jigsMAU Dissection 

25. Opening Assignment Nervous System
Create a concept map to show the divisions of the Nervous system.
Include the following: Sympathetic Nervous System, Parasympathetic Nervous System, Central Nervous System, Peripheral Nervous System, Autonomic Nervous System, Somatic Nervous System,

27. Brain Anatomy Diagram practice
Word Bank: Pons Midbrain Sulcus Convolutions Brainstem Cerebellum diencephalon spinal cord Cerebrum Medulla Oblongata Corpus callosum meninges skull
____________________ 1 13 2 12 11 3 10 8 7 9 6 4 5

28. Brain Anatomy Diagram practice Answers
Word Bank: Pons Midbrain Sulcus Convolutions Brainstem Cerebellum diencephalon spinal cord Cerebrum Medulla Oblongata Corpus callosum meninges skull
Convolutions
Sulcus
Corpus callosum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain
Brainstem
Diencephelon
Cerebrum
Meninges
Skull 1 13 2 12 11 3 10 8 7 9 6 4 5

29. Diencephelon
The diencephalon is located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain. It includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.
The thalamus functions in sorting and directing sensory information and acts like an executive secretary for the cerebrum.
The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating a wide variety of visceral activities working with the endocrine system.
Includes regulating heart rate, body temp, electrolyte balance and other homeostatic levels.

30. Limbic System
The limbic system, is the area of the diencephalon that controls emotional experience and expression. by generating pleasant or unpleasant feelings about experiences.

32. Cerebellum
Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum is divided into two lateral hemispheres.
Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum consists of primarily white matter covered with a thin layer of grey matter called the cerebellar cortex. 
The cerebellum functions to communicate with other parts of the CNS to interpret and control motor functions.

33. Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that branch off of the CNS, the brain and spinal cord. It includes the cranial nerves (12 pairs) which branch off of the brain, and the spinal nerves (31 pairs) which branch off the spinal cord. Most of the cranial and spinal nerves are mixed nerves, meaning they have both a sensory and motor function. Spinal nerves are named after the level (of the vertebrae) that they originate.

34. Peripheral Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
The autonomic nervous system includes the nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the viscera (internal organs) such as the heart, stomach, intestines, and glands. Oversees unconscious activities (involuntary)
The somatic nervous system consists of the spinal and cranial nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles. It oversees conscious activities (voluntary)

35. Spinal Nerves
Each spinal nerve emerges from the cord by two short branches, or roots, which lie within the vertebral column.
The root that contains the sensory neurons is the dorsal root.
The motor neurons arise in the ventral root.
All spinal nerves are mixed nerves.

36. Spinal Nerves
The main portions of the spinal nerves combine to form complex networks called plexuses.

37. Autonomic Nervous System
The function of the Autonomic Nervous System is to control visceral functions by regulating the actions of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands to help maintain homeostasis. It is divided into two parts; the Sympathetic Nervous System and the Parasympathetic Nervous System.

38. Autonomic Nerve Fibers
In the autonomic motor system, motor pathways include two fibers: a pre-ganglionic fiber that leaves the CNS, and a postganglionic fiber that innervates the effector.
The cell body lies within the autonomic ganglion. (sympathetic chain shown on the left)

39. Autonomic Nervous System Divisions
Parasympathetic = body at rest, maintainence
Sympathetic =
Fight or Flight

40. ANS Division differences
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Fibers in the sympathetic division arise from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord, and synapse in paravertebral ganglia close to the vertebral column.
Fibers in the parasympathetic division arise from the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord, and synapse in ganglia close to the effector organ.

41. Neurotransmitters of the ANS
Preganglionic fibers of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions release acetylcholine. Parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are cholinergic fibers and release acetylcholine. Sympathetic postganglionic fibers are adrenergic and release norepinephrine. The effects of these neurotransmitters are antagonistic.

42. Control of Autonomic Activity
The autonomic nervous system is largely controlled by reflex centers in the brain and spinal cord.
The Limbic System and Cerebral Cortex alter the reactions of the autonomic nervous system through emotional influence.

43. Crash Course – Autonomic Nervous System

44. Crash Course – Central Nervous System

45. Chapter 9 Test Outline: What do I need to know?
Nervous system divisions – concept map
Structure of a neuron – diagram we practiced
Types of neuroglial cells (matching)
Classification of neurons 2 ways and 3 types for each way
Transmission of an impulse across the synapse (diagram you copied)
Definitions: action potential, neuronal pools, 3 types of nerves
Parts of a reflex arc
4 parts of the Brain
3 Meninges and subdural vs. subarachnoid space
Cerebrum anatomy including 5 lobes, longitudinal fissure, convolutions, sulcus, fissure, cerebral cortex
Diencephelon components and functions
Brainstem components and functions
Cerebellum function
Nerves of the Peripheral Nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System divisions and functions