1. Chapter 3 The United States Government

2. Foundations of the U.S. Government Magna Carta John Locke Jacques Rousseau Baron de Montesquieu Great Awakening Freedom of Religion House of Burgesses First and Second Continental Congress Declaration of Independence

3. Magna Carta Written document protecting the rights of English Nobles Set the precedent that a king’s power was not absolute

4. John Locke English philosopher that believed that government should derive its power from the people whom it governed

5. Jacques Rousseau French philosopher who wrote The Social Contract in 1762 He believed that the right to rule should come from the people and not a king The Social Contract Theory expressed the idea that there should be an agreement between the people and the government that limits the rights and duties of each Thomas Jefferson agreed with this theory and it became one of the philosophies for colonial separation from England expressed in the Declaration of Independence

6. Baron de Montesquieu Published the Spirit of the Laws in 1748 In this book, he expressed that the government should possess legislative, executive, and judicial authority

7. Great Awakening A general revival of evangelical Christianity in the American colonies Reached its peak in the early 1740s

8. Freedom of Religion A large factor that shaped the U.S. government Puritans settled in Massachusetts Catholics settled in Maryland

9. House of Burgesses Was first established on July 30, 1619 in Jamestown to represent the colonist in the state of Virginia Symbolized the authority of the people to limit the power of the king

10. First & Second Continental Congress Brought together delegates from each of the thirteen colonies except Georgia These meetings were a model for forming the U.S. government

11. Declaration of Independence This document laid a foundation for the U.S. government to establish equal rights for all people

12. Declaration of Independence

14. Articles of Confederation First constitution of the U.S. Was Ratified, or approved, by all thirteen colonies in March, 1781, before the Revolutionary War ended later that year Proposed an alliance between the thirteen independent states A Congress much like the Continental Congress made up the central government

15. Articles of Confederation

16. Gave Congress the power to: Declare war and make peace Raise an army and navy Make foreign treaties and alliances Coin and borrow money Regulate weights and measures Establish a post office Regulate Indian affairs Pass laws by 9 of the 13 states Make amendments only with a unanimous vote of all states Prevented Congress from: Levying taxes Regulating foreign or domestic trade Settling disputes among states Collecting states debts owed to the central government Enforcing any of its powers

17. Articles of Confederation Strengths States retained rights (each state would retain its sovereignty, freedom, and independence) The central government established a post office (increased communication between states) Weaknesses Loose bonds developed between independent states (States became more independent and put less emphasis on sending delegates to represent them in Congress) One vote in Congress was given to each state (States had equal representation regardless of size) There was no executive or judicial power (had no chief executive officer or a national court system) Amendments required a unanimous vote (all states had to approve any changes to the Articles of Confederation)

18. The Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Great Compromise

19. Constitutional Convention Convention convened to revise the Articles of Confederation 12 states sent 55 delegates Only Rhode Island failed to send a representative

20. Virginia Plan Under the Virginia Plan, representation in Congress would be based on a state’s population

21. New Jersey Plan Under the New Jersey Plan, each state would have an equal voice in Congress

22. Great Compromise Divided Congress into two houses In the upper house, the Senate, each state was represented by two senators In the lower house, the House of Representatives, each state had representatives in proportion to its population

23. U.S. Government under the Constitution United States Constitution Federalism Constitutionalism Executive Legislative Judicial Checks and Balances

24. United States Constitution 1789 Spreads the power between the national governments and state governments. The Constitution gives some powers to the national government, lets some powers stay with state governments, and lets both share some powers.

26. Federalism The practice of dividing powers Federalism keeps any one of the governments from gaining too much control

27. Constitutionalism Refers to a government in which power is divided among various groups, but all groups obey a system of laws called a Constitution

28. Executive Branch The President carries out the laws or puts them to use

29. Legislative Branch Congress makes the laws

30. Judicial Branch The Supreme Court and other courts interpret or explain the laws

32. Checks and Balances Written to keep the branches equal in power The President can choose cabinet members, federal judges, and ambassadors, but the Senate must give advice and can approve or reject the presidents choice The Congress can pass a bill, but the president can veto it, preventing it from becoming law The president can make treaties with other countries, but the Senate must give advice and can approve or reject these treaties The Congress can pass a bill, and the president can sign it into law, but the Supreme Court can interpret the law in a way different from what Congress intended

33. The Constitution Preamble Articles

34. Preamble States the purpose of establishing a new government under the Constitution

35. Articles Describe how the federal government will function

36. Article 1 Establishes the Legislative Branch This Branch consists of a two-house Congress; the Senate and the House of Representatives Consists of the Elastic Clause, which gives Congress the power to pass legislation that is “necessary and proper” for doing its job

37. Article 2 Outlines the Executive Branch Gives executive power to the President of the United States

38. Article 3 Explains the Judicial Branch Establishes the Supreme Court, which interprets laws made by Congress

39. Article 4 Gives the relations among the states and between states and federal government Ensures that each state recognizes the acts of other states

40. Article 5 Provides for amendments to the Constitution

41. Article 6 Covers other miscellaneous provisions like prior public debts, supreme law of the land, and oaths to support the Constitution

42. Article 7 Explains ratification of the Constitution Ratification of 9 out of the original 13 states would establish the Constitution as law in those states

43. Ratifying the Constitution Federalists Federalist Papers Anti-Federalists

44. Federalists Supporters of the Constitution

45. Federalists Believed that the United States needed to have a strong national government They recognized the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation where individual states could reject national policy

46. Federalists Papers Series of newspaper articles that stated the advantages of a federal union under the Constitution Written by prominent federalists such as James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay

47. Anti-Federalists Opponents of the Constitution

48. Anti-Federalists Thought the new national government would be too powerful and that states should retain more power Believed the method of electing the President and the Senate was too far removed from the people Opposed longer terms in office because longer terms of office might make representatives less responsive to the voters Most importantly, anti-federalists argued that the Constitution lacked a specific bill of rights that protected individual liberties Despite opposition, all states eventually ratified the Constitution in 1788

49. Amending the Constitution Amendments allow for changes to be made in the Constitution

50. The Bill of Rights The first ten amendments of the Constitution that insure basic rights and freedoms for American citizens

51. Bill of Rights 1. Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition 2. Right to keep arms – guns 3. Quartering of troops in homes only with peoples permission 4. Search and Seizure – police need to get a warrant to search your home 5. Rights of accused persons – such as the right to remain silent and to have a lawyer 6. Right to a speedy trial 7. Right to a jury trial in civil cases 8. Rights concerning bail, fines, and punishments 9. Powers reserved to the people 10. Powers reserved to the states

52. Other Important Amendments to the Constitution 13 th Amendment 14 th Amendment 15 th Amendment 19 th Amendment

53. 13 th Amendment Slavery is abolished in the U.S. and its territories

54. 14 th Amendment The Civil Rights of all people born or naturalized in the U.S. are guaranteed

55. 15 th Amendment All male citizens have the right to vote regardless of race or color

56. 19 th Amendment Women are guaranteed the right to vote

57. The First Government under the Constitution Electoral College George Washington Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton James Madison

58. Electoral College Group of people representing each state

59. George Washington First President of the U.S.

60. Thomas Jefferson First Secretary of State

61. Alexander Hamilton First Secretary of the Treasury

62. James Madison First leader in the House of Representatives

63. Washington’s Farewell Address He emphasized that the U.S. should stay neutral and avoid permanent alliances with other countries He spoke about the dangers of forming political powers. He warned that political powers would cause people to work for their special interest rather than for the public good, just as members of those parties had done in Great Britain He believed that good government is based on religion and morality

64. Formation of Parties Federalists Democratic-Republicans

65. Federalists Led by Alexander Hamilton Supported a strong federal government

66. Democratic – Republicans Led by Thomas Jefferson Supported strong state governments

67. Opposing Views of Hamilton and Jefferson Hamilton (Federalist) Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) John Adams John Marshall Marbury vs. Madison Gibbons vs. Ogden

68. Alexander Hamilton (Federalist) Favored a strong central government Wanted power in the hands of the wealthy and well educated rather than the hands of the people Thought the nation’s economy should be based on manufacturing, shipping, and commerce and not on farming Interpreted the Constitution loosely as giving powers not specifically stated

69. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic – Republican) Favored states retaining authority Wanted power in the hands of the people because they felt the people were safest store of power Thought the nation’s economy should be based on agriculture Interpreted the Constitution strictly as giving powers only as stated

70. John Adams A federalists, became the second President of the U.S. in 1797 Appointed John Marshall, also a federalists, as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

71. John Marshall Became one of the most influential people to hold the office of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Established the supremacy of the national government over the states

72. Marbury vs. Madison In this case, John Marshall established the Supreme Court’s right of Judicial Review

73. Judicial Review The right of the Supreme Court to declare whether laws passed by Congress are constitutional or not

74. Gibbons vs. Ogden The Supreme Court ruled that Congress alone has the power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce This decision allowed the building of roads and canals to increase without the restrictions of state monopolies