1. The Roman Republic Chapter 10

2. Bell Ringer January 7, 2016 Page 317 – Interpreting Maps 1.What mountain range runs down the length of the Italian Peninsula? 2.What are the mountains in Northern Italy? 3.Where is much of Italy’s fertile soil? The Apennines The Alps Along the coastal plains

3. Rome Italy Italy is a peninsula in Southern Europe It looks like a high-heeled boot sticking out into the Mediterranean

4. Physical Features of Italy Two Main Mt. Ranges: 1.Alps – in the North, the highest mountains 2.Apennines – runs the length of the Italian peninsula

5. The Hills of Italy Some of Italy’s mountains, like Vesuvius, are volcanic Most of Italy is covered in mountains or hills Cities were built on top of these hills for defense Rome was built on 7 hills near the Tiber River

6. The Climate of Italy Most of Italy has warm dry summers and mild rainy winters The Climate is good to grow a variety of food – grains, fruits, olives Plentiful food was a key factor in Rome’s early growth

7. Rome’s Legendary Origins No written records exist of Rome’s earliest days Ruins date back to 800 BC Legends: 1.Aeneas: story told in the book The Aeneid by the poet Virgil around 20 BC. Aeneas fled from Troy with his followers, forming an alliance with people in Italy called The Latins. Aeneas rose to prominence in Italy and strengthened his clan militarily.

8. Legends Continued 2.Romulus & Remus: Twin brothers, descendants of Aeneas. Put in a basket to drown – rescued by a wolf. Finally raised by a shepherd. They planned a city to mark the spot of rescue. Romulus killed Remus in an argument. Named the city after himself. According to legend. Romulus became King of Rome in 753 BC. Roman records list seven Kings of Rome Last three kings were Etruscan – people north of Rome Etruscans may have been a more advanced people – influenced by Greeks 509BC – Evil King overthrown by nobles – Republic was created

9. Essential Question Briefly sequence the factors which contributed to Rome’s growth into a mighty power? Geography- central location & good climate Rome’s Early Kings including the Etruscans Nobles create the Republic

10. From The Aeneid (pg. Aeneid) What details in this passage would make Roman Readers proud of their past? Aeneas formed an alliance with the Latins. How does the author, Virgil, portray the Latins?

11. Bell Ringer January 8, 2016 Analyzing Information page 326 Why do you think the founder of the United States borrowed ideas from the Roman Government? Because it was run by many people – not just the few and it had worked well for them for hundreds of years

12. Rome’s Early Republic 509 BC – The Romans created a Republic Romans elected officials each year to rule the city No one was to become too powerful – except – the officials all came from a select few wealthy men.

13. Challenges from Outside Rome warred with neighboring people on & off for many years During very difficult wars – they elected temporary dictators to win the war One famous dictator was Cincinnatus (458 BC) He was a farmer – who quickly led the Romans to destroy the enemy then he went back to farming. Admired for his lack of ambition for power

14. Challenges within Rome Only the Patricians (wealthy nobles) could be elected to office The Plebeians ( peasants, craftsmen, traders) wanted a change and elected their own council. What will the Patricians do? They created offices in gov’t only held by plebeians in order to protect plebeians rights A tripartite government was created

15. Government of Rome

16. Law of the Twelve Tables Rome’s first written law code 450BC was produced on 12 bronze tablets. They were displayed in the Forum for all to see They became a symbol of Roman Law & rights as citizens.

17. Essential Question How did the Law of the Twelve Tables remain important regardless of change over time? It continued to be an example of how Roman Society was governed by law

18. Bell Ringer January 11, 2016 What various events took place at the Forum? Page 328 Government meetings, speeches, Temple worship, Public ceremonies, shopping, Twelve Tables

19. Growth of Territory & Trade Roman territory grew mostly in response to other people attacking them. One reason for success is the formation of the Army in Legions and Centuries.

20. Farming In the beginning of Rome, most Romans were farmers As Rome grew – people moved into the city as wealthy Romans bought their farms and built large farms in the countryside run by slaves. VILLA

21. TRADE Roman trade also expanded as merchants brought food and goods into Rome from other lands. Roman coins began to be made.

22. The Punic Wars The Punic Wars were a series of wars fought between Rome & Carthage – in North Africa 218 BC – Hannibal leads his armies against Rome but is defeated 140s BC – Rome attacks Carthage, burns it, killed most of the people and sells the rest into slavery Romans took control of Northern Africa

23. Essential Question How did the Romans expand their territory? Through war, mainly – The Punic Wars against Carthage

24. Vocabulary 1.Republic: a gov’t led by elected representatives 2.Dictator: leaders with almost absolute power 3.Plebeians: common people of Rome 4.Patricians: The wealthy nobles of Rome 5.Magistrates: elected officials 6.Consuls: two most powerful magistrates 7.Roman Senate: council of wealthy Romans that advised the city’s leaders 8.Veto: to prohibit “I forbid” 9.Latin: Roman language 10.Forum: Rome’s public meeting place

25. Bell Ringer January 12, 2016 What seas bordered Roman lands in 270 BC? ( page 331) Mediterranean, Tyrrhenian, Ligurian, Adriatic, Ionian

26. Crises Strike the Republic As the Roman territory grew – the rich again feared a revolt between the rich and poor Gracchus brothers – Tiberius & Gaius, both Tribunes and both reformers Tiberius wanted to create farms for the poor on land that the wealthy had illegally taken over. There were riots and Tiberius was killed. Gaius tried the same thing a few years later – and he was killed This changed politics in Rome. Leaders were attacked if the people did not like their policies.

27. Crises In 107 BC – Roman Army needed more troops Gaius Marius encouraged poor people to join (before only property owners could join) Thousands of poor & unemployed joined Marius’s troops were very loyal & grateful, making Marius very politically powerful. Other generals followed his lead.

28. Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla – Consul 88 BC. Came into conflict with Marius which led to a civil war in Rome. Sulla’s troops won and Sulla named himself Dictator – a position reserved for times of intense war. He made sweeping changes politically, restoring great power to the Senate – but making it harder to move upward in politics. Killed anyone who opposed him Gradually retired.

29. Spartacus Spartacus led a slave uprising. He was a former gladiator. He raised an army and took over Southern Italy. He was eventually killed in Battle. 6000 slaves were crucified as an example to others.

30. Essential Question Draw a diagram like the one on page 335 What 3 Crises during the later period of the Republic did Rome face? List two facts abut each crises. Rich v. Poor Army Needs Troops Civil War  Gracchus Bro. give Poor can Join ( Marius) Marius v. Sulla land  They are killed & Troops become loyal Sulla -> dictator politics becomes to their General Political change dangerous

31. Bell Ringer January 13, 2016 Map – Page 336 What makes a map a culture map? What language was most widely spoken on the Italian Peninsula? Where was Greek spoken? Why did the people there talk in Greek? What language did the Romans speak?

32. The Roman Republic Chapter 10 Review In geographic terms, Italy is a _______________ Peninsula What US document was written to protect people’s rights, similar to the law of the Twelve Tables? US Constitution & the Bill of Rights

33. The Forum, in Ancient Rome was _________________ The center of life The Romans were so populated, eventually they could not make enough food and had to bring food from other parts of the Mediterranean causing ___________ to grow. Trade Network

34. Which event after 88BC had the most important effect on the Roman republic’s government? Sulla named himself dictator What was the outcome of Italy’s nice climate for Rome? Large food supply

35. What do you think might have happened if the Romans had not created a Republic They would have continued to be ruled by Kings Which branches of government in Rome could only serve for one year? The Magistrates & The Assembly

36. Why did other city-states continue to declare war on Rome? Threatened by Rome’s power Romans realized that violence could be used as a political weapon after the death of who? The Gracchus brothers

37. Who was Hannibal? A general from Carthage who led an attack on Rome in 218 BC. Who established the first laws of the Roman Republic? The Patricians established the first laws

38. What prevents one branch of government from overpowering another? System of checks & balances Who came from Troy and joined with the Latins in the Italian peninsula? Aeneas

39. As time passed the Senate became powerful again and took control over the ______________ and the city’s finances. Magistrates Where did Rome’s last 3 kings come from? They were Etruscan – from North of Rome

40. Rome fought Carthage in a series of wars known as the ________ Punic Wars What people, conquered by Rome, influenced Rome culturally? The Greeks On what geographic feature was Rome built? 7 Hills

41. Why do we have only legends and not facts about Rome’s early history? They didn’t write it down In order to please the Plebeians – the common people – Rome created what? A new branch of Government just for them – the Assembly

42. What did the Forum symbolize? The nature of Roman society Who were the brothers that wanted to help the common people and what happened to them? Gracchus brothers were killed for their political policies

43. Government in which people elect their leaders Republic Rulers with absolute power Dictators Rome’s common people Plebeians

44. Rome’s powerful citizens & nobles Patricians Rome’s most powerful magistrates Consuls A council of wealthy Romans who advised magistrates Senate

45. Rome’s public meeting place Forum Consisting of three parts Tripartite A large group of soldiers – 6000 – in Rome were called a Legion