1. Fiber Overview
CIBET, 2016
Mike Watson

2. Agenda Optical Fiber 101 Common Parameters Optical Fiber Cables
Basic Architecture
SM vs. MM
Key Definitions
Choosing best fit optical fiber
Common Parameters
Optical Fiber Cables
Cable selection
Composite cables for Line Powering
Optical Cabling solutions
Pigtailed
Stubbed
Plug and Play

3. Why Use Fiber Optics

4. What is Fiber Optics Transmission
The transmission of information in the form of light through a transparent medium, typically high-purity glass.
Information is encoded into electrical signals
Electrical signals are converted into digital or
Analog (frequency or amplitude modulated)
Light signals
Light travels along length of fiber cable
A detector detects and changes the light back
into electrical signals
Electrical signals are decoded into information.

5. Optical Fiber Anatomy Core Carries the light signals
Silica (SiO2) and a
dopant (GeO2) to raise index of refraction
Cladding
Keeps the light in the core
Pure Silica (SiO2)
Coating
5µm Acrylate layer
For handling and protection
245 μm
125 μm μm

6. Key Definitions Speed of Light in a Vacuum Index of Refraction =
Speed of Light in a Medium

7. Principle of Operation

8. Key Definitions Optical Source Attenuation - Loss of signal energy
Types of Sources
LED (Light Emitting Diode), Low cost, operates at 850nm and 1300nm.
VCSEL (vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser), are low cost lasers, they operate at 850nm
LASER, (Light Amplification from Stimulated Emission of Radiation), are typically more expensive, operating wavelengths of 1310nm, 1490nm, 1550nm 1625 and others.
Attenuation - Loss of signal energy
Intrinsic attenuation (loss of signal strength due to interaction between the photons and inherent physical properties of the optical fiber), made up of the sum of absorption and scattering
Nearing the theoretical limit.
Absorption: photon gives up its kinetic energy to subatomic particles
Scattering: photon bounces of subatomic
Particles, 95% of intrinsic attenuation

9. Key Definitions Attenuation - Loss of signal energy
Extrinsic Attenuation, loss of signal strength due to changes in the dimensional properties of the optical fiber
Macrobends: large scale bends, occur when the optical fiber bend radius is exceeded, controlled by the installer.
Microbends: small scale distortions of the shape of the optical fiber, again controlled by installer.
Imperfect junctions (splices, fiber end faces etc.)
dB(attenuation) = -10 Log(Pout / Pin )
Output power is less than input power, so the result would be a negative number if the “-” is not included in the formula

10. Key Definitions
Dispersion – Spreading of the optical signal pulses as they travel along the length of the fiber( making individual signals indistinguishable to the optical receiver)
illustrated using Digital frequency
Various types of dispersion
Modal Dispersion, Chromatic Dispersion (Material Dispersion, Waveguide Dispersion), Polarization Mode Dispersion etc.
Output power is less than input power, so the result would be a negative number if the “-” is not included in the formula

11. Attenuation vs. Dispersion

12. Comparing Single-mode and Multimode Fibers
Single-mode fiber
Core Size 8.3 µm
Source Lasers 1310, 1550, 1625 nm
Attenuation 0.4/0.3 dB/km (1310/1550 nm)
Dispersion No modal
Bandwidth
Infinite. Electronics limiting factor
SMF
MMF
Existing MMF Fiber in Building
Low Loss Critical
New Installation
Future Proof
Easy termination
Multimode fiber
Core Size 50 or 62.5 µm
Source LED or VCSEL
Attenuation 62.5 µm = 3.4/ µm = 3.0/1.0
Dispersion Dominated by modal dispersion
Bandwidth
Distance, Fiber type, source type.
850 0r 1300 nm
So why do we use SMF  MMF is too lossy

13. Corning’s Singlemode Fiber
SMF-28e+® Optical Fiber
1310 nm optimized
Zero dispersion in the 1310 region
ITU-T G.652.D-compliant
Attenuation: 0.4 / 0.3 dB/km @ 1310 / 1550 nm
Clearcurve® Optical Fiber
Bend insensitive performance compared to legacy single mode fibers.
Compliant to G.652D and G.657 categories and compatible with the installed base of Corning SMF-28e® and SMF-28e+® fiber.
Two options available:
Clearcurve XB
Clearcurve ZBL
Fiber Type
Bend Radius
G657 Compliance
ClearCurve® XB
10mm
G.657.A1
ClearCurve ®ZBL
5mm
G.657.B3

14. Cable Types

15. Outdoor – Cables Typically in seen DAS
SST-Ribbon™
( Fibers)
Gel-Filled and Gel-Free Options
FREEDM Cable™ Plenum
(12-72 Fibers)
Riser
( Fibers)
ALTOS® Loose Tube (up to 432 Fibers)
Gel-Free ( f)
ROC Drop
(Single Fiber)
Gel-Free Only
Jacket Options
Dielectric
Armor
Plenum
Riser
Jacket Options
Dielectric
Armor
Jacket Options
Dielectric
Armor
Jacket Options
Dielectric
Tone able
Preconnectorized

16. Indoor - Cables Typically in DAS Indoor
Ribbon
( F)
Actifi Cable™ ( Fibers)
16AWG (2 – 6 Pairs)
14AWG (2 – 6 Pairs)
12AWG (1 – 2 Pairs)
MIC® Unitized Cable (36 – 144F)
MIC® Cable (2 – 24F)
Jacket Options
Dielectric
Armor
Plenum
Riser
Jacket Options
Dielectric
Armor
Plenum
Indoor/Outdoor
Jacket Options
Dielectric
Armor
Jacket Options
Dielectric
Tone able
Preconnectorized

17. Ribbon – Basic Analysis
Simple Scenario – 500ft run, 144 fiber MIC vs. Ribbon
MIC
Ribbon
Material
$5,325
$1,870
Splicing
$2,880
$2,100
Cable Prep
$200
$100
Total Cost
$8,405
$4,070
Cable Diameter
0.92"
0.59"
Cost High count ribbon cables. are typically less expensive than high count MIC cables
Installation Typically less expensive to install than single strand MIC cables due to labor savings during fusion splicing
Size Have smaller cable diameter than single strand MIC
Splicing SMF is easy to splice when compared to splicing a MIC cable.

18. Composite Cable Deployment Examples
Composite Fiber Cable
Power Distribution
Rectifiers
Batteries for Power Backup

19. Selecting the Best Fit Cable
Composite
MIC
Ribbon
Freedm
ALTOS
DC Power Distribution
Pre connectorized
All Indoor
All Outdoor
Indoor / Outdoor
Armored Available?
Environment Indoor, Outdoor, Parking Garage, Oil Refinery, Cruise Ship etc.
Code Conduit requirements, interlocking armor, DC?
Fiber Density. Ribbon vs. MIC/Loose. Crush or rodent resistance requirements?
Hardware
Splicing/termination capabilities.

20. Connector Types

21. Connectors OptiTap TIA/EIA 568 Maximum Reflectance Multimode ≤ -20dB
Single-mode ≤ -26dB
COC Reflectance Standards
PC (Physical Contact) ≤ -30dB
SPC (Super PC) ≤ -40dB
UPC (Ultra PC) ≤ -55dB
APC (Angled PC) ≤ -65dB

22. Corning’s Advanced Fiber Cabling and Hardware for DAS
Fusion Splice
Fusion Splice
Bulk cable for fusion splicing
Fiber only, composite, plenum, riser, armored, and non-armored
Stubbed Hardware
Stubbed Hardware
Eliminates splicing at remote
Factory tested Connectors
Rack and wall mount options
Custom Lengths
Plug-n-Play
Eliminates all splicing reducing installation time by 90%
End to end factory tested
Excellent Speed of Deployment
Plug-n-Play

23. Traditional Approach – Fusion Splicing
Head-End
Remote Location
024EC
24-Fiber Ribbon Cable Plenum SMFe

24. Pigtailed Hardware Pigtail cassette contains all needed accessories
One Housing for all connector types
Only buy what you need
Reduces overall footprint in remote locations (IDF)
Reduces troubleshooting and maintenance of the system

25. Stubbed Hardware – Eliminates Fusion Splicing in Remote Locations
Head-End
Remote Location
Benefits of Stubbed Hardware
Eliminates Remote splicing = Reduced Installation time + Reduced Cost
Factory tested stubbed housings = Improved Performance and Reduced Troubleshooting
Available in rack mount and wall mount configurations from 12f to 288f.

26. Stubbed Hardware
Connector Housing inside the hollow of the drum of this reel
Cable tail wrapped around drum

27. Plug & Play – Eliminates All Fusion Splicing
Head-End
Remote Location
Benefits of Plug & Play
Eliminates All splicing = 90% Reduced Installation time + Reduced Cost
Factory End to End tested = Best Performance and Reduced Troubleshooting
Available in rack mount and wall mount configurations from 12f to 144f.

28. Plug and Play – How it interconnects
2 Sided Plug & Play Trunk
Plug & Play Module
Pulling Grip
1 Sided Plug & Play Trunk
Splice Cassette
Benefits of Plug & Play
Eliminates All splicing = 90% Reduced Installation time + Reduced Cost
Deployed in Major Data Centers across the world
Available in rack mount and wall mount configurations from 12f to 144f.
Google in Lenoir NC
Apple in Maiden NC
Yahoo in San Francisco
AT&T in Georgia
Bank of America

29. Selecting the Best Fit Hardware
Pigtailed
Stubbed
Plug & Play
Stacked IDFs
Easy Pathways
Large Venues
Complicated Pathways
Little to no information
On Air Date is Today
On Air Date was Yesterday
Minimal on Site time required
Mount Type Wall vs rack. If rack, consider number of rack units.
Leasing
Connector Fiber count and connector type consideration.
Cable Consider cable type and application
Connectivity
Who is paying for the rack space or footprint?
Pigtail, splicing vs. prestubbed hardware vs Plug & Plug.

30. Cable Installation

31. Four General Placement Considerations
Ensure Sufficient Slack
For moves, adds and changes, also for safety and aesthetics purposes
Monitor Tension
Exceeding the maximum pull tension could induce fiber strain and cause permanent damage to the cable.
Use a Breakaway Swivel, Tension Monitoring winch or Tensiometer.
Maintain Minimum bend radius
Bending the cable tighter than the minimum bend radius may result in attenuation or even break the fiber and damage the cable.
Protect exposed cable
Use slack storage hardware where appropriate, cable clips, inner duct, J-hooks etc.
Anecdotal story, Nuclear sub example: network would go down daily at 6:00PM….could never figure it out why, turns out the network cable was expose over the door to one of the security type rooms and the guard on duty would hang his jacket on it, attenuating the fiber and taking the network down.

32. Placement considerations - examples
Slack
Tension
Radius
Protection
For vertical runs, make sure the cable is secure at least every other floor with use if J-hoops or Split grips (Chinese fingers).
Should also keep in mind that all cables have a maximum vertical rise they can go.

33. Duct Installation – the Duct System & Lubrication
Existing Duct
Measure Length (Mule tape etc.)
Proof the duct (swabbing)
New Duct
Minimizing bends, more specifically 90 degree bends
Installing enough duct for future, possibly inner duct as well.
Pulling tape etc.
Innerduct
Allows for maximum use of large ducts
Pull rope/tape
Flexible/fabric innerduct (Max-cell)
Lubricant Used
Ensure the lubricant is compatible with the cable jacket, non petroleum based
Consult cable manufacturer for recommended water or silicon based lubricants. (poly water J)
Add lubricant at entry point in the direction of the cable pull. Poly Water Inc. also has a software called a Pull Planner that would give you the best steps to use for complicated pathways.

34. Duct Installation – Fill Ratio
Talk about figure eighting for long runs to reduce stress build up and also where ever you have more than one 90 degree bend.
A duct fill ratio calculator is available on the CCS website. All you need is the cable diameters, duct diameters and number of cables.

35. Must Haves &“Nice-to-haves”
LC Cleaning tool
MTP Cleaning tool
SC Cleaning tool
P/N: CLEANER-PORT-LC
P/N:
P/N: CLEANER-PORT-2.5
Connector Removal Tool
Connector Cleaning Cassette
Visual Fault Locator
P/N: CLEANER-UNIV-CASS
P/N: CRT-001
P/N: VFL-350