1. LIBERAL & CONSERVATIVE ISLAM Turkey --- Saudi Arabia

2. But first, some definitions--- Extremist:Extremist: –a person who holds extreme or fanatical political or religious views, especially one who resorts to or advocates extreme action. Fundamentalism:Fundamentalism: –A form of a religion that upholds belief in the strict, literal interpretation of scripture. Orthodox:Orthodox: –Accepting and closely following the traditional beliefs and customs of a religion Secular:Secular: –The state of being separate from religion Islamist:Islamist: –views emphasize the implementation of Sharia (Islamic law); of pan-Islamic political unity; and of the selective removal of non-Muslim, particularly Western military, economic, political, social, or cultural influences in the Muslim world that they believe to be incompatible with Islam. Shari’a Law:Shari’a Law: –Islamic Code of Laws based on no separation between Church and State!

3. Comparison… Conservative- Saudi Arabia Liberal: –Favorable to progress or re- form, as in political or re- ligious affairs. Open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values. Liberal- Turkey Conservative: –Holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion.

4. CIA factbook: Saudi Arabia CIA factbook: Saudi Arabia BBC Country Profile: SA BBC Country Profile: SA

5. Wahhabi Wahhabi:Wahhabi: –a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect from Saudi Arabia; strives to purify Islamic beliefs and rejects any innovation occurring after the 3rd century of Islam; "Osama bin Laden was said to be a Wahhabi Muslim" The Wahhabi Ulama reject reinterpretation of Quran and Sunna in regard to issues clearly settled by the early jurists. Wahhabi jurists also reinterpret areas not decided by the early jurists.Quran By rejecting the validity of reinterpretation, Wahhabi doctrine is at odds with the Muslim reformation movement of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. –The Muslim reformation movement sought to reinterpret parts of the Quran and Sunna to conform with standards set by the West, most notably standards relating to: gender relations family law participatory democracy Ulama: a body of Muslim scholars recognized as having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law and theology

6. How popular? (Stephen Schwartz on Islam and Wahhabism. ) ARABIAN PENINSULA: –Wahhabism is official in Saudi Arabia. –It is influential in Qatar, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. –It has a substantial following in Yemen, which also has many Shia Muslims. –It is unpopular in Bahrain and irrelevant in Oman. Outside the Peninsula: –Wahhabism is generally unpopular. But where trouble is found, Wahhabism may thrive. Hamas in Israel represents pure Wahhabism. Forms of neo-Wahhabi or Wahhabized ideology have been powerful in Egypt (the Muslim Brotherhood) and in Pakistan — in both countries neo-Wahhabis lead attacks on other Muslims and other faiths. But in both countries mainstream Muslim scholars continue to struggle against Wahhabism. Wahhabi aggression was defeated in Algeria and Tajikistan.

7. Frontline:Saudi Time Bomb? Frontline: Saudi Time Bomb? For more than two centuries, Wahhabism has been Saudi Arabia's dominant faith. It is an austere form of Islam that insists on a literal interpretation of the Qur’an. Strict Wahhabis believe that all those who don't practice their form of Islam are heathens and enemies. Critics say that Wahhabism's rigidity has led it to misinterpret and distort Islam, pointing to extremists such as Osama bin Laden and the Taliban. Wahhabism's explosive growth began in the 1970s when Saudi charities started funding Wahhabi schools (madrassas) and mosques from Islamabad to Culver City, California. Here are excerpts from FRONTLINE's interviews with Mai Yamani, an anthropologist who studies Saudi society; Vali Nasr, an authority on Islamic fundamentalism; Maher Hathout, spokesperson for the Islamic Center of Southern California; and Ahmed Ali, a Shi'a Muslim from Saudi Arabia. (Also see the Links and Readings section of this site for more analyses of Wahhabism and Saudi Arabia.)Links and Readings

8. The Women… 11 Things Women Cannot Do: –http://www.theweek.co.uk/60339/eleven-things-women-in-saudi- arabia-cannot-dohttp://www.theweek.co.uk/60339/eleven-things-women-in-saudi- arabia-cannot-do Unshackling themselves: –http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21602249- saudi-women-are-gaining-ground-slowly-unshackling-themselveshttp://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21602249- saudi-women-are-gaining-ground-slowly-unshackling-themselves Huffington Post Blog: –http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tag/saudi-arabia-womenhttp://www.huffingtonpost.com/tag/saudi-arabia-women Wadjda: –http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/sep/16/wadjda-oscars-saudi- arabiahttp://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/sep/16/wadjda-oscars-saudi- arabia Women will vote: –http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/world/middleeast/women-to- vote-in-saudi-arabia-king-says.html?pagewanted=allhttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/world/middleeast/women-to- vote-in-saudi-arabia-king-says.html?pagewanted=all Women who dared to drive: –http://www.ted.com/talks/manal_al_sharif_a_saudi_woman_who_da red_to_drive.htmlhttp://www.ted.com/talks/manal_al_sharif_a_saudi_woman_who_da red_to_drive.html

9. Comparison… Liberal- Turkey Liberal: –Favorable to progress or re -form, as in political or re- ligious affairs. Open to new behavior or opinions and willing to discard traditional values. Conservative- Saudi Arabia Conservative: –holding to traditional attitudes and values and cautious about change or innovation, typically in relation to politics or religion.

10. Turkey CIA factbook: Turkey CIA factbook: Turkey BBC Country Profile: Turkey BBC Country Profile: Turkey

11. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk “Father of the Turks” Founder of modern Turkey in 1920s from Ottoman Empire after WWI Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the first President of Turkey. Reforms: He launched a program of revolutionary social and political reform to modernize Turkey. These reforms included: –the emancipation of women, –the abolition of all Islamic institutions –the introduction of Western legal codes, dress, calendar and alphabet, replacing the Arabic script with a Latin one. –Abroad he pursued a policy of neutrality, establishing friendly relations with Turkey's neighbours.

12. Turkey Today The State: President: Recep Tayyip Erdogan –Justice and Development Party (AKP). Islamist –Appointed Prime Minister by parliament in 2002 –Elected President 8/2014 –President largely ceremonial (but…) –But critics say Erdogan is polarizing the country - by having no dissent and harboring a secret agenda to turn Turkey into a fundamentally conservative Muslim society. Prime Minister: Ahmet Davutoglu –AKP Party –Erdogan loyalist –Appointed 8/2014 Concerns over Islamisation: White Turks VS. –a secular Western-facing elite Black Turks –a more conservative, religious population largely excluded from the privileges of state power and viewed warily by generals long considered guardians of secularism. (voa)voa The fight: –2013 –2013: Turkey lifts ban on headscarves2013 –2013 –2013: Protests in Gezi Park2013 Protests AGAINTS Erdogan, ended with police crackdown –2014 –2014: New restrictions on alcohol2014