1. Human growth and development thanks to Joshua Baldwin

2. Erik Erikson born 1902 died 1994 He was a psychoanalyst who identified 8 different stage of psychosocial development. In his 8 stages conflict or need must be resolved at each phase. If the conflict is not resolved in that stage, then the person will struggle with this same stage later in life.

3. Erik Erikson He also believed other factors can create certain needs in people- like: Sex Race Inherited traits from parents Culture Injury/abuse/illness will have a negative effect

4. 8 stages 1. infancy-- birth to 1 year This is called oral/sensory phase and trust vs. mistrust Infant develops trust in caregiver when the basic need is meet. Baby cries, mom feeds the baby=trust If the needs are not met, baby will become uncooperative, aggressive, and have decreased interest in the environment=decreased learning from sensory development.

5. Bouncing baby Babies on assessment should have normal reflexes. They startle to loud noise---startle reflex They will turn the head toward a touch on the cheek that causes the mouth to open--rooting reflex They can grasp with hands if hands are touched--grasp reflex The sucking reflex is provoked by touch to lips--sucking reflex At first, infants can lift the head slightly They can usually roll from side to back at 2 months

6. Bouncing baby At 4 to 5 months they can turn the body completely around and grasp toys 6 to 7 months babies can sit up unsupported for several minutes and crawl on stomach By 12 months they start walking and grasp objects with the thumb and fingers and throw objects. They usually have teeth, and vision is clear they can focus on small objects.

7. 8 stages 2. toddler-1 to 3 years The is muscular/anal phase and autonomy vs. doubt The toddler masters skills like toilet training, feeding, dressing, and doing things independently. If mom and dad provide support, but do not overprotect toddler can master this phase If needs are not met, then toddler feels ashamed, and lack self-confidence.

8. 8 stages 3. preschool- 3 to 6 years Called locomotor years and Initiative vs. guilt These are the years of working on independence. They initiate instead of imitate. Learns rules and consequences Parents need to allow the child to be responsible but provide reassurance. If needs are not met, the child will feel guilty and feel that everything they do is wrong- which leads to hesitancy to try new tasks later in life

9. 8 stages of development 4. School-age 6-12 years Latency and industry vs. inferiority Main focus of child’s life is school- child learns to deal with academics, group activities, acceptance of actions and success. If needs are not met, child develops a sense of inferiority and incompetence which can lead to inability to deal with life events

10. 8 stages 5. Adolescent – 12-18 HEY, THAT’S YOU! Identity vs. role confusion This is about peer relationships. Self identity, making choices about occupation, sexual orientation, lifestyle choices, relies on group support to create a self-image If needs are not met, teen feels role confusion and loss of self-belief.

11. 8 stages Puberty in the early phase of adolescent is traumatic to some in this phase. Growth spurts, weight gain, and hormones causing acne can reduce students self esteem. This is a critical stage of development that will effect later stages of life and how an individual deals with others on a daily basis.

12. 8 stages 6. young adulthood- 19 to 40 years. Intimacy vs. isolation This is love and relationships. This is when people make personal commitments to others, and share life events with others. If needs are not met, adults may fear relationships and isolate themselves from others.

13. 8 stages 7. Middle-adulthood-40-65 Generativity vs. stagnation Parenting-yikes! This phase seeks success through career,family, providing for others, and the next generation. If needs not met, adults will feel a lack of purpose to life and a sense of failure

14. 8 stages 8. older adulthood-65 to death Ego integrity vs. despair. This is recollection and acceptance of life. Adult reflects on life in a positive manner and feels fulfillment with own life and accomplishments. If need is not met, adult will feel despair, unable to deal with losses, and fearing death.

15. 8 stages Much of aging depends on lifestyle choices made earlier in life. As healthcare workers, we need to be mindful of these changes. Many elderly people become depressed, and the highest risk demographic for suicide are white men over the age of 80. “why me” or “it’s your fault” may be common for them to strike out at family or caretakers.

16. old-timer All body systems will be on decline Skin becomes dry, wrinkled and thinner Bones become porous Loss of vision and hearing or decline of either Decline in nervous system function, not as sensitive to touch and sensation causing injury Less circulation, kidney and bladder with less effectiveness and control

17. Erik Erikson The generation that is hitting 60’s/70’s are the baby boomers- your grandparents. This is the largest population of the US. You will be greatly needed to care for this group of people. After their generation the population has steadily declined. There will not be enough nurses, doctors, dentists, sonographers, radiologist to care for this generation.