1. THE RAW MATERIALS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY A REVIEW OF CELLS

2. LEVELS OF BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

3. CELLS PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC UNICELLULAR MULTICELLULAR

4. BACTERIA CELL (PROKARYOTIC) www.yourarticlelibrary.com

5. PLANT CELL (EUKARYOTIC) waynesword.palomar.edu

6. ANIMAL CELL (EUKARYOTIC)

7. IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM LYSOSOME CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL RIBOSOME

8. IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES NUCLEUS—Contains DNA and includes the coding for protein production in the cell CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM LYSOSOME CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL RIBOSOME

9. IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST—Plant cell organelle responsible for photosynthesis (conversion of light energy into chemical energy) MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM LYSOSOME CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL RIBOSOME

10. IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION (pl. mitochondria)—Site of cellular respiration; the cellular organelle responsible for converting chemical energy (sugar) into cellular energy (ATP’s) CYTOPLASM LYSOSOME CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL RIBOSOME

11. IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM—The gel-like material that fills the cell and supports the organelles; mostly water, it is the site of many chemical reactions within the cell LYSOSOME CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL RIBOSOME

12. IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM LYSOSOME—An organelle containing digestive enzymes; responsible for breaking down cellular wastes and for apoptosis CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL RIBOSOME

13. IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM LYSOSOME CELL MEMBRANE (aka, plasma membrane)—A semi-permeable membrane that regulates movement of molecules into and out of the cell CELL WALL RIBOSOME

14. IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM LYSOSOME CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL—Gives support and structure to plant, bacteria, and some fungi cells RIBOSOME

15. IMPORTANT (to us) CELLULAR ORGANELLES NUCLEUS CHLOROPLAST MITOCHONDRION CYTOPLASM LYSOSOME CELL MEMBRANE CELL WALL RIBOSOME—The site of protein synthesis in cells

16. CELLULAR PROCESSES—photosynthesis PHOTO = ____________; SYNTHESIS = ___________. PHOTOSYNTHESIS = PUTTING TOGETHER USING LIGHT

17. CELLULAR PROCESSES—PHOTOSYNTHESIS PRODUCERS (AUTOTROPHS)—CONVERT ENERGY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT INTO CARBON BONDS SUCH AS THOSE FOUND IN GLUCOSE Plants Algae Cyanobacteria Deep sea bacteria photosynthesis chemosynthesis chemicals

18. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM http://www.antonine-education.co.uk/physics_gcse/Unit_1/Topic_5/topic_5_what_are_the_uses_and_ha.htm

19. PIGMENT ABSORPTION ACROSS THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM

20. water sunlight oxygen Carbon dioxide glucose Sunlight + 6 CO 2 + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS

21. SUNLIGHT ENERGY USED TO FORM C-C BONDS IN THE FORM OF SUGAR (GLUCOSE) THE SUGARS CAN BE USED OR CAN BE CONVERTED TO CELLULOSE, STARCH, OR OTHER SUBSTANCES

22. CHEMOSYNTHESIS

23. CELLULAR PROCESSES—cellular respiration WHAT IS THE GENERAL EQUATION FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION? SUGAR  waste products + ATP WHY IS ATP IMPORTANT? ATP = ENERGY FOR EVERY CHEMICAL REACTION IN CELLS AEROBIC = WITH OXYGEN ANAEROBIC = WITHOUT OXYGEN

24. CELLULAR PROCESSES—cellular respiration ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION HAS TWO POSSIBLE SETS OF END PRODUCTS: END PRODUCT SET #1 = ALCOHOL + CARBON DIOXIDE + 2 ATP END PRODUCT SET #2 = LACTIC ACID + 2 ATP AEROBIC RESPIRATION REQUIRES AN ADDITIONAL REACTANT BESIDES SUGAR AND YIELDS THREE DIFFERENT PRODUCTS. WHAT IS THE EQUATION FOR AEROBIC RESPIRATION? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2  6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + 36 ATP

25. CELLULAR PROCESSES—cellular respiration Our cells are capable of doing both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Which type do they “prefer” to do and why???