3.  Molecules of DNA are composed of long chains of _______

4.  Nucleotides

5.  A nucleotide consists of _______, _________, and __________.

6.  a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base.

7.  The part of the molecule for which deoxyribonucleic acid is named is the _______

8.  sugar - deoxyribose

9.  Of the four nitrogen bases in DNA, which two are purines and which two are pyrimidines?

10. Adenine Guanine  Purines are Adenine and Guanine Thymine Cytosine  Pyrimidines are Thymine and Cytosine

11.  Which of the following is not true about DNA replication?  a.It occurs during the S phase of cell cycle  b.Two complementary strands are duplicated.  c.The double strand unwinds and unzips while it is being duplicated.  d.The process is catalyzed by enzymes called DNA mutagens.

12.  d.The process is catalyzed by enzymes called DNA mutagens.

13.  RNA differs from DNA in that RNA a. _______ b. _______ c. _______

14.  is single-stranded.  contains the nitrogen base uracil.  contains a different sugar molecule.

15.  In RNA molecules, adenine is complementary to _______

16.  uracil

17.  The function of rRNA is to form _______

18.  ribosomes

19.  During transcription, the genetic information for making a protein is “rewritten” as a molecule of _______

20.  messenger RNA

21.  Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a(n) _______

22.  codon

23.  Each of the following is a type of RNA except  a.carrier RNA.  b.messenger RNA.  c.ribosomal RNA.  d.transfer RNA.

24.  a.carrier RNA.

25.  What happens when an error is made in the replication process?

27.  The form of ribonucleic acid that carries genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes is _______

28.  mRNA

29. mRNA codonsamino acid UAU, UACtyrosine CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG proline GAU, GAC aspartic acid AUU, AUC, AUAisoleucine UGU, UGCcysteine Refer to the illustration. Suppose that you are given a protein containing the following sequence of amino acids: tyrosine, proline, aspartic acid, isoleucine, and cysteine. Use the portion of the genetic code given to determine which of the following contains a DNA sequence that codes for this amino acid sequence. a. AUGGGUCUAUAUACG b. ATGGGTCTATATACG c. GCAAACTCGCGCGTA d. ATAGGGCTTTAAACA

30.  b. ATGGGTCTATATACG

31.  Transfer RNA  a.carries an amino acid to its correct codon.  b.synthesizes amino acids as they are needed.  c.produces codons to match the correct anticodons.  d.converts DNA into mRNA.

32.  a.carries an amino acid to its correct codon. amino acid attachment site UAC anticodon

33.  Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n) _______

34.  mRNA molecule

35.  A DNA subunit composed of a phosphate group, a five- carbon sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base is called a(n) _______

36.  nucleotide

37.  The name of the five-carbon sugar that makes up a part of the backbone of molecules of DNA is _______

38.  deoxyribose

39.  Watson and Crick determined that DNA molecules have the shape of a(n) _______

40.  double helix

41.  Due to the strict pairing of nitrogen bases in DNA molecules, the two strands are said to be _________to each other.

42.  complementary

43.  The process by which DNA copies itself is called _______

44.  replication

45.  The nitrogen-containing base that is only found in RNA is _______

46.  uracil

47.  Messenger RNA is produced during the process of _____

48.  transcription

49.  During translation, amino acids are brought to the ribosomes by molecules of _______

50.  transfer RNA amino acid attachment site UAC anticodon

51.  Nucleotide sequences of tRNA that are complementary to codons on mRNA are called _______

52.  anticodons

53.  The sequence of three nucleotides that code for specific amino acids or stop signals in the synthesis of protein is called a(n) _______

54.  codon

55.  The information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA is used to make protein during the process of _____

56.  translation

57.  Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together.  _____ pairs with ______  ______ pairs with _________

58.  Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together.  _________ pairs with ______  ______ pairs with _________ Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________ A T GC

59.  For each process below, identify where it occurs in the cell and what is produced.  Replication:  Transcription:  Translation

60. Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________  For each process below, identify where it occurs in the cell and what is produced.  Replication:  Transcription:  Translation Nucleus, identical DNA strand Nucleus, mRNA Ribosomes, tRNA - protein

61.  List three differences between DNA and RNA  a.  b.  c.

62. Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________  List three differences between DNA and RNA  a.  b.  c. DNA – double strand; RNA – single strand DNA – deoxyribose sugar; RNA – ribose sugar DNA – Thymine nitrogen base; RNA – Uracil nitrogen base

63.  Identify 3 types of RNA, where they are found and what they do.  a.  b.  c.

64. Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________  Identify 3 types of RNA, where they are found and what they do.  a.  b.  c. mRNA –nucleus, carries code to ribosomes tRNA –cytoplasm, carries amino acids to ribosomes rRNA –ribosomes, provides a job site for protein synthesis

65.  Use your codon chart on to complete the table below. Use your codon chart on to complete the table below. DNA Triplet TTC mRNA codon UAG tRNA anti-codon CAG Amino acid coded met

66. Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________ DNA Triplet TTC mRNA codon UAG tRNA anti-codon CAG Amino acid coded met UAC AUG TAC VAL GUC CAG AAG UUC LYS AUC ATC STOP

67. 1. insertion – an extra nucleotide is added to the sequence. 2. deletion – a nucleotide is removed from the sequence. 3. inversion – a sequence of nucleotides is switched. 4. duplication – a nucleotide or sequence of nucleotides is repeated. 5. substitution – a nucleotide is replaced with a different nucleotide.

68.  Using the following DNA sequences, identify each of the following: Mutations: substitution, insertion and deletion  TAC GCC AGC CCG AGC TAT AAA ATT  Mutation: ___________________________  1: TAC GCA GCC CGA GCT ATA AAA TT  Mutation ___________________________  2: TAC GCC AGC CCG AAC TAT AAA ATT  Mutation ___________________________  3: TAC GCC ATG CCC GAG CTA TAA AAT T

69. Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________  Mutations: substitution, insertion and deletion  TAC GCC AGC CCG AGC TAT AAA ATT  Mutation: ___________________________  1: TAC GCA GCC CGA GCT ATA AAA TT  Mutation ___________________________  2: TAC GCC AGC CCG AAC TAT AAA ATT  Mutation ___________________________  3: TAC GCC ATG CCC GAG CTA TAA AAT T DELETION SUBSTITUTION INSERTION

70.  Which mutations above would have the have the greatest impact on an organism? Why?

71. Use the base pairing rules to correctly match the nitrogen bases together. ________________pairs with_______________ ________________pairs with ______________ Deletion and insertion will cause a shift in the entire reading frame then different amino acids

73. C E D, F G F D H

74.  Define Chargaff’s Rule

76. AdenineThymineGuanineCytosine % of Each Base Pair38%

77. AdenineThymineGuanineCytosine % of Each Base Pair12%12%38%38% Automatically you should know that Cytosine will be the same as Guanine. 38+38 = 76% 100-76= 24 Adenine and Thymine = 24 Total 24/2 = 12% each

78. Questions #38

79. 1 DNA Unwinds and Unzips Helix unwinds and 2 DNA strands separate at the Hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases 2 DNA Polyermase helps to link free floating DNA nucleotides with complimentary nucleotides on each of the two strands 3 Covalent bonds join nucleotides above and below each other on the new strands. Hydrogen bonds join complimentary base pairs 4 Each new DNA MOLECULE formed contains One parent strand and a new strand

84. #41 LIST THE DNA STRAND THAT IS COMPLIMENTARY TO THE FOLLOWING DNA STRAND

85.  5’ AAT CCG GCA TCA ACG 3’  3’ TTA GGC CGT AGT TGC 5’

86. #42 LIST THE RNA STRAND THAT IS COMPLIMENTARY TO THE FOLLOWING DNA STRAND

87.  5’ AAT CCG GCA TCA ACG 3’  3’ UUA GGC CGU AGU UGC 5’

88.  5’ AAT CCG GCA TCA ACG 3’

89.  3’ UUA GGC CGU AGU UGC 5’  LEU GLY ARG SER CYS

90. 1. insertion – an extra nucleotide is added to the sequence. 2. deletion – a nucleotide is removed from the sequence. 3. inversion – a sequence of nucleotides is switched. 4. duplication – a nucleotide or sequence of nucleotides is repeated. 5. substitution – a nucleotide is replaced with a different nucleotide.

91.  Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA ATGCATACAT  TACGTATGTA 

92.  Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA ATGCATACAT  TACGTATGTA  Substitution

93.  Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA ATGCATGCATG  TACGTACGTAC

94.  Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA ATGCATGCATG  TACGTACGTAC Insertion (a base pair was added)

95.  Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA: ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA: ATGCATGCA  TACGTACGT

96.  Determine the type of DNA mutation.  Original DNA: ATGCATGCAT  TACGTACGTA  Mutated DNA: ATGCATGCA  TACGTACGT Deletion (a base pair is missing)

97. 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 3.. 7.