1. The Renaissance (1350-1550)

5. A cultural “rebirth” of antiquity. A movement that sought to imitate and understand the culture of antiquity (of ancient Greece and Rome).

6. Poggio Bracciolini (1380-1452 C.E.) –Papal secretary –Citizen of Florence (later Chancellor of Florence) Quintilian (35-100 C.E.), The Training of an Orator

7. Ancient Roman Writers and Thinkers Cicero (Roman lawyer and moral philosopher) Virgil, Horace, Lucretius (poets) Vitruvius (architect and engineer) Tacitus; Suetonius (historians)

9. studia humanitatis Renaissance humanism was the product of the urban and commercial environment of fourteenth and fifteenth-century Italy and it developed in response to the particular social and political needs of urban elites. The studia: grammar (Latin), rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy/ethics

10. I. Political and Social Context: Communes, Oligarchs, and Despots II. Renaissance Humanism III. The Appeal of the Ancient World

11. I. Political and Social Context: Communes, Oligarchs, and Despots 1. The Government of the Commune –The Republic of Florence 2. Importance of Merchants and Guilds 3. Despots – Condottiere (mercenary captains) Federico II Duke of Urbino (1422-82) –Podestas (judges)

20. II. Renaissance Humanism 1. The Humanists’ Curriculum 2. A Program for Ruling Elites

21. III. The Appeal of the Ancient World 1. Skills for urban politics (Machiavelli) 2. Provided arguments in favor of republican government (civic humanism) –Leonardo Bruni (1370-1444); ethic of public service 3. Enhanced the reputation of new elites and their authority –Cosimo de’Medici (1389-1464) 4. Legitimated questionable wealth –The sin of usury and ill-gotten gains

22. “Humanism was not merely an interest in antiquity, but a certain way of looking at antiquity and of relating it to the present. Antiquity provided humanists not only with certain classical forms of thought, literary expression, and action, but with new norms (values) for determining the suitability and rightness of thought, word, and deed.”

23. Aesthetic and social ideal of balance and proportion Politically a stable society built on the foundation of well-balanced and educated individuals Searching for the harmonies in nature, which meant employing geometry and the mathematics of proportion in drawing, sculpting and designing buildings

33. The Papacy in the Late Middle Ages 1. The Avignese Papacy or “Babylonian Captivity” (1305-1378) –Boniface VIII (1294-1303) 2. The Great Western Schism (1378-1417) –Election of multiple popes and divided obediences –Concilar Movement

34. 3. Renaissance Popes as Princes and Patrons –Alexander VI (1492-1503) Rodrigo Borgia Sought to create a central Italian principality for his son Cesare Borgia –Julius II (1503-13) Nephew of Sixtus IV Julius Exclusus and patron of the Sistine Chapel –Leo X (1513-1521) Son of Lorenzo de Medici “the Magnificent” Oversaw the building of the new St. Peters in Rome

36. European Political Scene at the End of the Middle Ages 1. Monarchical Consolidation –France [Valois] (post-1453) Consolidation of Royal Authority after Hundred Years War (1337-1453) –Spain [Trastámara] Marriage of Isabel and Fernando unite the Crowns of Castile and Aragon (1469) –England [Tudor] After the “Wars of the Roses” (1455-1485) establishment of a new dynasty

37. 2. Efforts to end the Independence of Aristocracy and Clergy –Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges (1438) –Defeat of the Duke of Burgundy (1477) 3. A Military Revolution: Standing Armies –Large well-drilled infantries (pikesmen) –Gunpowder firearms (harquebus and cannon) 4. Systematic Expansion of Taxation –French Estates General vote for the taille

38. 5. Continued Political Fragmentation Italy (a patchwork of Republics and Principalities) The Holy Roman Empire (Hundreds of independent political states in Germany/Austria/Switzerland/Bohemia) Flanders/The Netherlands (multiple independent provinces)

39. 6. French and Spanish Intervention in Italy –French Invasions Charles VIII in 1494 to claim Kingdom of Naples Louis XII in 1499 to claim the Duchy of Milan –Spanish (Trastámara) control of the Kingdom of Naples

40. Machiavelli (1469-1527) An administrator and official for the Republic of Florence Exiled from Florence with the restoration of the Medici family (1512) Wrote The Prince (c. 1513)