1. “ Germany”—Still Francia or East Francia. Last Carolingian dies in 911. Never really Romanized except for frontier territories—many areas i.e., Saxony only brought under civilization by Charlemagne Great Duchies—Bavaria in south—tribal Bavarians— civilized partially Romanized, brought in by Pepin and Charlemagne. No king—king is elected by major dukes.

3. CONRAD I CAROLINGIAN KINGDOMS C. 915

4. Henry so successful that he was able to have his son elected as successor—dukes agreed. Otto continued Henry’s policy and created a strong basis for East Frankish kingship. Crowned at Aachen (large ceremony)

6.  Rely on Churchmen—as power expands into Slavic and Baltic areas—use churchmen to govern who acknowledge king as liege lord— subjects church to his control.  Otto pushes for celibacy for higher clergy (bishops, archbishops) Church positions cannot be hereditary and Otto can use influence.  Policy: govern through churchmen whom you appoint.

8. MAGYARS LECHFELD 15 TH C. DEPICTION  955 Battle of Lechfeld—great achievement of Otto’s reign. Defeated Magyars in battle and they cease to be a ruthless force—comparisons to Charles Martel— Otto seen as savior of Europe.

9. 962 Pope John crowns Otto “Holy Roman Emperor” Meaning? Origins of First Reich. Otto confirms Donation of Pepin—gives John about ¾ of Italy. But Otto presents it as a fief and John required to do temporal duties—send soldiers. Otto demands that no pope be consecrated until Emperor—approves him. Can be selected but no official pope until Emperor agrees John is horrified. First sides with Berengar and the rebels, then seeks an alliance with Byzantium, and even summons pagan Magyars to come to Rome to help him.

11.  Criticism: Otto’s policy in Italy combines German- Italian politics. If left in Germany could he have carved an important German state.  Also, later ramifications of Ottonian system of government.

12.  Best educated monarch of his day.  Spoke Latin, Greek, and High German. Otto III’s mom Byzantine.  Very involved in Church reform circles.

13. MONASTERY OF CLUNYMONASTIC REFORM  Cluniacs (Reformed Benedictines). Wanted a monastic reform that separated the church from the world.  Accepted no land with feudal ties. Removed themselves completely from the secular world.  Psalm marathons— Opus Dei in one day!  Could only be visited by pope—exempt from bishop’s jurisdiction.

14.  Inspires movements all throughout Europe.  Monasteries try to focus on the spiritual and remove themselves from worldly affairs.  Cluniac monks respected and more nobles give them pious bequests.  Other Benedictine houses reformed along Cluniac lines.  Abbot of Cluny has a moral authority throughout Europe that all recognize. Cluniac houses seen as a fast-track to salvation.

15.  When Ottonian dynasty, dies out, German dukes select a Salian, Henry III (r. 1039-1056) as king.  When he arrives in Rome to be crowned in 1046, there are 3 candidates claiming to be pope.  He deposes them all and selects a new pope, one associated with reform movements. New pope crowns him and brings more reformers to Rome, especially ones associated with Cluny.  Cluniac reformers turn a monastic reform into a Church reform, especially during regency of Henry IV (r. 1056-1106).

16.  Pope Leo IX 1049-1054 only spends 6 month in Rome; he travels at synods and councils announcing a new church.  Enforce Clerical celibacy; Eradicate simony— trafficking in ecclesiastical offices.  Program spread through councils, synods  1059—During minority of Henry IV, College of Cardinals created—to elect popes and remove German influence.  Remove Church completely from lay interference.  1054 Great Schism with Constantinople. Patriarch excommunicated over papal authority, procession of Holy Spirit. Eastern and Western Churches divided.

17. POPE GREGORY VII (1073- 1085) EMPEROR HENRY IV.(1056-1106)  Lay people cannot select ecclesiastical personnel nor invest them with spiritual symbols (cathedral, miter, staff)  1075 Gregory excommunicates Henry and declares that subjects do not have to obey excommunicant king  As a result, civil war in Germany against Henry IV  Henry IV not happy but gives lip service to reform movement.  Invests archbishop of Milan and is excommunicated.  Henry has to make amends with Gregory before the latter can declare a new German king

18. HENRY SEEKS SUPPORT OF ABBOT OF CLUNY AND MATILDA OF TUSCANY HENRY AND GREGORY  Henry IV pleads at papal palace at Canossa barefoot in the snow.  Gregory VII rescinds excommunication.  Henry at war with vassals— they select an anti-king— defeated in battle--then Henry IV selects anti-pope. Excommunicated again—but situation for fifty years  Civil war in Empire

19.  Drags on for years and weakens the moral authority of the Empire.  England and France both reach agreements with Rome over investiture of ecclesiastical personnel. Bishops and archbishops freely elected by churchmen; thereafter kings can invest them with secular insignia as vassals. But need to leave before anointed and invested with spiritual insignia.  Henry IV dies excommunicant and his son Henry V (1106-1125) has to resolve controversy.  He is crowned emperor but actually places a pope under house arrest rather than renounce investiture.  After several attempts a resolution is made in the Concordat of Worms (1122).

20. CONCORDAT OF WORMS 1122 MORAL VICTORY FOR POPES  Free clerical election for bishops and archbishops—only lay intervention if contested election.  Emperors can invest church personnel with secular symbols as vassals  But Emperors leave when invested with ecclesiastical symbols since emperor has no spiritual authority  Urban II 1095 declares First Crusade  Creation of a Papal Monarchy  Letters, legates, councils, law, College of cardinals.  Rome wins at the expense of the Emperor.