1. SURVIVAL GUIDE TO THE DISTRICT BIOLOGY I BENCHMARK II Biology I Benchmark Review

2. What’s Coming Up: Today – REVIEW Monday, March 21 – Benchmark 2 Test Wednesday, March 23 – Finish Classification/Evolution Notes Friday, March 25 – Monday, March 28 – EASTER BREAK Tuesday, March 29 – Classification Lab Thursday, March 31 – CLASSIFICATION/EVOLUTION TEST April - - - - REVIEW!

3. What is YOUR Goal??? The benchmark test counts as a SUMMATIVE GRADE! Students who do not pass the benchmark test will be placed in Wednesday tutoring sessions per administrators. Remember, on the state biology exam, passing is 42% or higher. However, OUR GOAL is for all students to score proficient!!! Proficient is 60% - 80%!! So, let’s review………………..

4. The Scientific Method What are the steps to the scientific method? Make an observation/ask a question, design the experiment, collect data, organize data, analyze/make conclusions, share results What are variables in an experiment? Any factor that can affect the outcome of your data/results. All variables should remain constant except for the one you are changing… Independent Variable (the manipulated one) Dependent Variable (the result you are looking for)

5. Chemistry of Life The type of bond where electrons are shared… Covalent bond The type of bond where electrons are gained or lost and results in a charged ion…. ionic

6. Properties of Water The property that describes water’s ability to bond readily with other water molecules…. cohesion The property that describes water’s ability to bond readily with other molecules…. adhesion

7. Properties of Water What type of bond is represented by the dashed line? Hydrogen bond What property is the reason water is considered the universal solvent? polarity

8. Transport of Water and Other Materials Osmosis - water Active Transport – Other materials like sodium and potassium that are pushed through channels in the cell membrane

9. What macromolecule is it??? carbohydrate protein lipid Nucleic acid

10. Enzymes What do enzymes do? Lower the activation energy and speed up reactions What are two factors that might effect enzymes? Temperature and pH What are the parts of the enzyme substrate complex? Enzyme, substrate, active site

11. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration ATP

12. Prokaryotic Cells Vs Eukaryotic Cells

13. The Cell Cycle Cell functionsGetting ready for cell division

14. Mitosis Vs Meiosis Nondisjunction may happen here where the chromosomes don’t equally divide (ex. Down syndrome Where crossing over happens

15. Asexual Vs. Sexual Reproduction DIVERSITY – allows for the ability of a population to fight diseases, continue the species and change over time

16. Structure of DNA Phosphate, sugar and nitrogen base = nucleotide = building block of DNA

17. DNA and Protein Synthesis 1. DNA Unwinds 2. mRNA comes in; makes copy of DNA 3. mRNA takes copy to the ribosome 4. At the ribosome, tRNA brings in an amino acid 5. Amino Acids hook up to form polypeptide chains 6. Polypeptide chains twist and wrap to form proteins

18. Codon Charts What strand of amino acids does this original strand of DNA code for? ATG CGA TAA Steps: 1.Determine complimentary mRNA codes (remember in mRNA Always United; Great Couple) 2.Match the mRNA codes to the amino acids in the chart. UAC GCU AUU Tyrosine Alanine Ileucine

19. Mutations? Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence? Why/how could changes in the sequence lead to a mutation?  DNA code – mRNA code – results in type of amino acid – results in type of protein made – determines organisms’ structure and function

20. Genetics! Punnett Square Practice Complete the Punnett square showing the cross between a heterozygous brown eyed male with a homozygous blue eyed female (B = brown; b = blue) What is the ratio of brown to blue eyes? What is the change (percentage) of having a child with blue eyes?

21. Genetics – Incomplete Dominance! Incomplete dominance results in a “blending” of traits because neither trait is dominant over the other. Common example is red/white/pink colors in some species of flowers.

22. Incomplete Dominance Practice Complete the Punnett Square below showing a cross between a red (RR) flower and a White (R’R’) flower. What is the ratio of red to white to pink flower?

23. Codominance! Codominance happens when both alleles are equally dominant. If both alleles are dominant, then both traits show up in the organism. Common examples are: Roan cattle (red hair and white hair are codominant so some cattle ar red and white) and Speckled Chickens (black and white feathers are codominant so some chickens are black and white speckled)

24. Codominance Practice Complete the Punnett square showing a cross between a black chicken (BB) and a white chicken (WW)…remember black and white colored feathers are codominant in this species of chicken. What is the phenotype ratio?

25. Blood Types – Codominance AND Multiple Alleles

26. How DNA and Chromosomes are Analyzed Karyotypes

27. How DNA and Chromosomes are Analyzed Gel electrophoresis

28. Evolutionary Theories Darwin vs Lamarck

29. Evolutionary Theories - Malthus

30. The 6 Kingdoms of Life on Earth