1. Nuclear issues in Russia Corporate Social Responsibility, 25.02.2016

2. Concerns regarding nuclear energy Nuclear accidents Radioactive waste disposal Nuclear proliferation High costs of nuclear power plants Nuclear terrorism Costs of decommissioning

6. History Ministry of Nuclear Engineering and Industry of the USSR 1992-Ministry of Atomic Energy of Russian federation (MinAtom) 2004-Federal Agency of Atomic Energy 2007 Rosatom become a state corporation –controls nuclear weapons companies, research institutes and safety agencies

7. Governance Rosatom—major agency-state corporation and the regulatory body 2001 Energoatom—operation of civil reactors 2007-Atomenergoprom—a holding company for Russian civil nuclear industry, includes Energoatom, nuclear fuel producers and suppliers, uranium trader and nuclear facilities constructors Russia plans the next generation nuclear energy technology

8. Global civil society initiatives Nuclear threat initiative-NGO founded in 2001 by Ned Turner in the US—to reduce nuclear, chemical and biological weapons-mostly public awareness, documentaries Social Movements for Nuclear Safety Many NGOs in the World focusing on decommissioning of nuclear power plants Movements for non-proliferation of nuclear weapons

9. Russian nuclear energy In Russia: 16% of all power generation comes from nuclear energy Plans to increase reactors in operation from 31 to 59 Russian nuclear diplomacy in many countries in the World Agreements on nuclear power plant construction with: China, India, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Armenia, Belarus, Finland

11. Russia a nuclear emperor?

12. Nuclear power plants in Europe

13. Nuclear Power Plants in Finland

14. Olkiluoto in construction

15. Russia-Finland Finland –Loviisa plant (build by Soviets), Olkiluoto, located near Rauma (build by Swedish, Olkiluoto-3— Areva-French company) Former minister of Rosatom Rumiantsev —now in Finland as an ambassador Khanhikivi-1 (In Puchayokki), Nuclear power plant in Finland Fennovoima invited Russian Rosatom to build the reactor Finland wanted the reactor of 1600Mvt, but finally agree to build Russian reactor with the power of 1000-1200Mvt Swedish environmentalists protest Rosatom (used the pension plan) and become a co- owner of this Finnish plant

16. Why? How? Russia over competed Toshiba, Russia bought 34% of Fennovoima 2014-started construction ( 2018) Finland ignore EU calls to curtail energy deals with Russia, after annexation of Crimea Build nuclear power stations in Bulgaria and Hungary (agreement 2014), with the US, cooperation is suspended in 2015

17. Nuclear power plants in Russia 11 reactors are like Chrnobil—been given life extensions “inherently unsafe design”—can not be improved by upgrading and modernization Their existence violate Russian laws because have not undergone environmental assessment 6 reactors are under construction (Volgodon, Kalinin, Beloyarsk, etc)

18. Nuclear Policy in Russia After Fucushima accidents in March 2011- China, Germany, Switzerland, Israel, Malaysia, Thailand, UK, and the Philippines decided to renew their nuclear policy Russian response to Japanese accidents in 2011-no policy change Agree to do stress tests Energy strategy up to 2020—struggle for energy efficiency

19. Major issues and NGOs Issues: a) Old nuclear power plants b) nuclear disasters and their legacy c) spent nuclear fuel Major NGOs and movements: Natalia Mironova, «Movement for Nuclear Safety», Chelyabinsk --closed Alexey Yablokov, prof., Nuclear Program SEU, Moscow, Fund «For Nature», Chelyabinsk (foreign agent), «Legal Consciousness», Chelyabinsk, (foreign agent) «Green World», Sosnovy Bor, Leningrad Oblast (foreign agent), Alexandr Nikitin, Human rights protection Centre “Bellona”, (foreign agent—Bollona Murmansk—was closed in 2015) Planet of Hope—foreign agent (applied to International Court of Justice)

20. Mayak disaster

21. Nuclear plant Cheliabinsk oblast-Southern Ural Mountains River Techa-tributary of Ob river Plant Mayak opened in Cheliabinsk oblast in December 1948—produced weapons’ grade plutonium “closed cities” “fenced in communities”—housing for scientists, workers Administered by the Ministry of Nuclear Energy (MinAtom) and the KGB (State Security Committee)

22. Life in closed cities Entry and departure was hard Citizens limited in freedom of speech, rights to congregate Paid top salaries, access to luxuries, were nicknamed Chocolates Mayak –two closed cities, Ozersk and Snezinsk-west, upstream of Techa river

23. Plant Mayak In 65 years had several severe nuclear accidents Tens of thousands of square kilometers of contaminated land by uranium, plutonium, discharged to Techa river Waste is dumped into lakes Karachay, Old Marsh, Tatysh, and reservoirs of the Techa cascade and further to the river Ob and the Arctic Ocean.

24. River Techa

25. Evacuated villages

26. Radioactive Trace

27. History of radioactive pollution The radiation has contaminated the food chain poisoned the local population 8000 downstream, 20000 in the contaminated territory 1951 Techa River was contaminated with extremely high radoiactivity Mayak started to put high level waste in barrels, dumping middle waste into the lake Karachai, tried to use wetland filtration 1952-1955-insidents with workers errors 13 villages upstream of Musliumovo evacuated and relocated. September 29 1957, disaster, 20 million curie released (Chernobil 50 million curie), 373000 people were affected

28. Culture of keeping quite People were not aware 1957-Stalin’s times—no criticisms 1976 dissident biologist Zhores Medvedev first leak of information 1989—during Perestroika—disclosure of info by government Fish disorders, large mushrooms Food from Techa Valley continued to be sold in Cheliabinsk

29. Perestroika and Social Movements April 1990 MinAtom and Ministry of Health disclosed the info on Mayak disaster Law on Environmental Protection passed- prohibited disposal of foreign spent nuclear fuel on the territory of Russia Democratic People’s Front—some people elected to the Council of People Deputies The Commission for Radiological Security The Movement for Nuclear safety was formed

30. State Measures President Yeltsin visited Musliumovo Programs to help the victims “Kyshtim 57” Compensations to the victims—very low State programs turned to be inefficient Citizen “milk the government as much as possible for what they did” People continued living on the polluted land consuming polluted food and water have developed multiple illnesses

31. International Movement Greenpeace, human rights organizations Effort to bring Musliumovo case to the International Court of Justice in Strassburg ISAR (Institute for Soviet and American Relations)— grants, workshops NGOs: Kyshtim 57, Nuclear Hostages, White Mice, Techa, Musliumovo Committee for Self Governance Activists traveling to Europe, Japan, US Community conflicts and division as a consequence Disaster tourism

32. Consequenses Cancer cases have reached 387 casualties per 100,000 people. Children’s cancer rates reached 14.1 per 100,000 people, resulting in a 64 % increased of cancer rates from 2007 to 2008. Among the newborn population the number of abnormalities reached 47.6 per 1000 children born in 2008.

33. Musliumovo citizens resettlement 2005 recognition by the government, director of Mayak prosecuted 2006-1mln rub compensation—citizens started resettlements Total 741 family, 400 bought new housing For others a settlement was build 1.5 km close by—Newmusliumovo The plan was to finalize resettlement in 2010

34. Intensity of radioactive pollution

35. Musliumovo

36. River Techa

37. Musliumovo

38. Musliumovo remnants

39. Musliumovo today

40. The Import of Spent Nuclear Fuel December 2000, state Duma-amendment to the Law on Environmental Protection—allow importation of spent nuclear fuel to Russia Transport, processing, permanent burial US funded facility build Protests, direct action, effort to organize the referendum failed “radioactive soil to Duma’ Lobbying US State Department

41. Spent Nuclear Fuel in Russia Danish ship Puma brought spent nuclear fuel from Serbia to Russia, leaking on the way back!

42. Spent nuclear fuel November 2010 spent nuclear fuel was planned to be transported to Cheliabinsk, to the plant Mayak, from Rossendorf, Germany Movement Decommission set up a petition to Angela Merkel, to Barrack Obama and to President Medvedev – seems successful Still unresolved issue The law on foreign agents prevents fights for nuclear safety