1. Thema 3 / Theme 3. Egni Cynaliadwy / Sustainable Energy. 3.2 Sut a pam mae’r galw am egni yn newid? How and why is the demand for energy changing? Economaidd / Economic Cymdeithasol / Social Technolegol / Technological

2. Wrth i’r byd newid yn economaidd, cymdeithasol ac yn dechnolegol mae’r galw am am egni yn cynyddu. As the world changes economically, socially and technologically the demand for energy increases.

8. Defnydd rhyngwladol o egni / World energy consumption.

9. Defnydd o egni / energy consumption.

10. Energy intensity of individual economies. The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GNP for selected countriesGNP

11. Energy consumption rate per capita versus the GNP per capita The graph plots the per capita power versus the per capita income for all countries with more than 20 million inhabitants, the data more than 90% of the world's populationworld's population

12. Effaith twf economaidd China ar y galw am egni. Effects of thee economic growth of China on energy consumption.

14. Despite the economic slowdown in exports and domestic demand in the past year, China’s demand for energy remains high. China has emerged from being a net oil exporter in the early 1990s to become the world’s third-largest net importer of oil in 2006. Natural gas usage in China has also increased rapidly in recent years, and China has looked to raise natural gas imports via pipeline and liquefied natural gas (LNG). China is also the world’s largest producer and consumer of coal, an important factor in world energy markets. Er y problemau economaidd yn ystod 2007 – 2010 a effeithiodd ar allforion ac mewnforion China, mae’r galw am egni dal i fod yn uchel. Mae economi Cheina wedi newid o fod yn un oedd yn allforio olew yn y 90au cyner i fod y 3ydd mewnforiwr mwya o olew yn y byd erbyn 2006. Mae’r defnydd o nwy naturiol hefyd wedi codi yn ddiweddar gyda’r wlad yn edrych ar gynlluniau i beipio’r nwy i mewn. China hefyd yw’r cynhyrchwr a’r defnyddiwr mwyaf o glo yn y byd Ond pam bod y galw wedi cynyddu? But why has the demand increased?

15. In 2003, China accounted for 41 percent of the growth in world oil demand and its oil imports rose 32 percent, (63) part of an ongoing trend. In the 1993-2003 period, U.S. oil consumption grew 16 percent, while China's oil consumption grew 105 percent. Unlike the United States, where petroleum production has declined, oil production in China has climbed over the last 10 years. Nonetheless, this increase in production has not kept pace with the growth in oil consumption; thus, China's reliance on imported oil is likely to continue to grow. As China continues the development process, it will likely maintain its shift away from the production of agricultural goods, deriving a greater share of its GDP from the energy intensive industrial sector. Increased focus on industry, higher levels of automotive transportation, and an increase in overall energy use may continue to increase demand for oil. Continuing growth in its level of oil imports could have an important impact on world prices. Yn 2003, roedd China yn gyfrifol am 41% o’r twf mewn galw am olew ac fe gododd ei fewnforion olew 32%. Rhwng 1993 – 2003 fe gododd y defnydd o olew 16% yn yr Unol Daliaethau, ond fe gododd 105% yn China. Yn ogystal mae China yn cynhyrchu mwy o olew ers y 10 mlynedd dwytha. Ond nid yw’r twf mewn cynhyrchion yn cyd fynd a’r galw, fellu mae’n edrych y bydd China yn dod yn ddibynol ar fewnforion. Wrth i China barhau i ddatblygu bydd eu diwydianau yn newid, gyda mwy o bwyslais sr ddiwydiant eilaidd, sy’n golygu mwy o alw am egni.

16. China's automotive industry is driving force behind gasoline consumptionautomotive industry Despite its reliance on foreign imports, the Chinese oil industry continues to grow in order to provide energy to a developing economy and a growing automobile industry. According to China Daily, it is probable that oil demand will grow by an annual average of 4.5 percent from 2007 to 2010 and an annual average of 3.3 percent from 2010 to 2020. [62] The relatively large increases in oil demand are a result of the rising consumption of refined oil products by automotive drivers in China. Gasoline, kerosene, and diesel are expected to outpace total oil demand over the next 13 years as Chinese automakers produce more cars. In particular, growth in gasoline demand is most affected by China’s expanding automotive industry. [63] While gasoline demand increased 5.7% in 2007, vehicles sales expanded at double-digit rates. [64] As the automotive industry grows, gasoline has the potential to becoming a larger fraction of the total oil demanded by China. In 2006, refined oil demand accounted for 47.1% of total demand, but that percentage is capable of rising to 59.5% by 2020. [62] [63] [64]

18. China's energy needs are massive and produce many environmental and economic problems Although China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of coal, the country’s reliance on coal as an inexpensive form of energy has produced several environmental and economic problems. According to a report published by MIT, China contains 13% of the world’s proven reserves, enough coal power to sustain its economic growth for a century. China's proven reserves are massive, but coal-derived power makes up 83% of China’s annual energy consumption.The world average is 40%. [ According to a report by Greenpeace, the World Wildlife Fund, and The Energy Foundation, China’s dependence on coal as a cheap source of energy has numerous environmental, social, and economic costs.The report, entitled The True Cost of Coal, outlined the impact water pollution, air pollution, and mining accidents had on the Chinese economy.80% of China’s carbon dioxide emissions come from burning coal. That pollution not only contaminates the water and air in China, but also is the leading cause of death in China; more than a million die each year from pollution-related illnesses.The report estimated that the environmental and social costs associated with the country’s use of coal amounted to RMB1.7 trillion in 2007, approximately 7.1% of China’s GDP for that year. In response to those studies, Beijing is reforming several of its coal facilities to improve safety, quality and efficiency. The Chinese government also plans to modernize its electric grid and coal transportation railways. [ Of the country’s $585 billion stimulus package, $14.6 billion has been set aside for the implementation of ultrahigh voltage power networks. [ However, the government plans to maintain investments of $43.86 billion in 2009 to increase power- generation capacity.

19. Additionally, the operation and construction of the Three Gorges Dam illustrates the difficulties that arise from major construction projects in China. The Three Gorges Dam, which holds 10 world records, is the world’s biggest dam, power plant, and consumer of dirt, stone, concrete, and steel. [ With maximum power capacity of 22,500 MW, the Three Gorges Dam is the anchor of the Chinese hydroelectric system, which included 12 hydropower mega-bases on the Yangtze River as of 2007. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam displaced 1.13 million people, and polluted the drinking water in many areas of China. [ Although major construction on the dam has ended, pollution from the dam continues to endanger drinking water.

20. China’s Total Primary Energy Consumption, 1970–2020 Defnydd o egni yn China, 1970-2020

21. China’s Demand for Oil Imports / Galw am olew.