1. The US Civil & Franco Prussian Wars and the Emergence of Modern Warfare (1861-1865 & 1870-1871)

2. What made these conflicts different from previous ones? US Civil War First large war fought after Industrial Revolution Engaged & affected civilian population greater than previous wars New technology led to warfare on a wider scale than ever before – Demonstrated importance of logistics in large-scale, industrialized conflict Franco-Prussian War Radically changed the way armies would train and fight Saw the use of new weapons – newly designed, breech- loading artillery – Faster firing rifles Demonstrated the increased pace of war in a post-industrial Europe

3. The Civil War 1861-1865

4. “An event that indelibly altered U.S. history, the Civil War cost 600,000 lives and turned the country from a collection of states into a nation, yet left lingering scars” (Cummins 116).

5. USA vs CSA United States of America a.k.a. “The Union” 22 Union States 22 million people Heavy industry More railroads Goal: Keep country together Abolish slavery (1862) Confederate States of America a.k.a. “The Confederates” 11 Confederate States 9 million people (4 million slaves) Heavy agriculture More experienced military leaders Goal: Gain independence

7. Tactics Initially did not keep up with technology – Still used Napoleonic era formations & assaults – Rifled muskets + minie balls + Napoleonic style tactics=mass slaughter Tactics gradually changed…kind of – Soldiers starting entrenching themselves – Use of sharpshooters in trench warfare style settings (like at Petersburg)

8. Technology The Civil War was a time period that saw significant increases in technology, especially concerning weaponry Significant Changes in Tech. Use of railroads Use of telegraph (Union) Minie Ball Rifled muskets (used firing caps, not flintlocks Breech loading repeating rifles (Sharps Rifle) Ironclads Gatling Gun (not widely used) Revolvers Ketchum Grenades Submarines Tech. that pretty much stayed the same Artillery (similar to Napoleonic era) Medicine (did not catch up with advances in weaponry)

9. Grant’s Strategy Pressure Confederacy by: – Using economic strength of Union – Waging a war of attrition (Confederacy cannot replace men lost while Union can) – Bringing war to Confederate civilian population

10. William Tecumseh Sherman Born in Ohio Fought under Grant at Vicksburg 1864: made supreme Commander of armies in the west Captured Atlanta on Sept. 1-sealing Lincoln’s Re-election Advocated use of total warfare Cut supply lines and foraged Sometimes nicknamed father of modern warfare “War is Hell”

11. Sherman’s March to the Sea Sets out from Atlanta Cuts his army off from supply line for quicker movement Devastates Georgia countryside in an example of TOTAL WARFARE Sherman captures Savannah on Dec. 21 1864 Presents Savannah to Lincoln for Xmas – Helps Lincoln be reelected See article “Sherman’s March to the Sea”

12. Sherman’s Orders Headquarters Military Division of the Mississippi, In the Field, Kingston, Georgia, November 9, 1864 I. For the purpose of military operations, this army is divided into two wings viz.: The right wing, Major-General O. O. Howard commanding, composed of the Fifteenth and Seventeenth Corps; the left wing, Major-General H. W. Slocum commanding, composed of the Fourteenth and Twentieth Corps. II. The habitual order of march will be, wherever practicable, by four roads, as nearly parallel as possible, and converging at points hereafter to be indicated in orders. The cavalry, Brigadier - General Kilpatrick commanding, will receive special orders from the commander-in-chief. III. There will be no general train of supplies, but each corps will have its ammunition-train and provision-train, distributed habitually as follows: Behind each regiment should follow one wagon and one ambulance; behind each brigade should follow a due proportion of ammunition - wagons, provision-wagons, and ambulances. In case of danger, each corps commander should change this order of march, by having his advance and rear brigades unencumbered by wheels. The separate columns will start habitually at 7 a.m., and make about fifteen miles per day, unless otherwise fixed in orders. IV. The army will forage liberally on the country during the march. To this end, each brigade commander will organize a good and sufficient foraging party, under the command of one or more discreet officers, who will gather, near the route traveled, corn or forage of any kind, meat of any kind, vegetables, corn-meal, or whatever is needed by the command, aiming at all times to keep in the wagons at least ten day's provisions for the command and three days' forage. Soldiers must not enter the dwellings of the inhabitants, or commit any trespass, but during a halt or a camp they may be permitted to gather turnips, potatoes, and other vegetables, and to drive in stock of their camp. To regular foraging parties must be instructed the gathering of provisions and forage at any distance from the road traveled. V. To army corps commanders alone is entrusted the power to destroy mills, houses, cotton-gins, &c., and for them this general principle is laid down: In districts and neighborhoods where the army is unmolested no destruction of such property should be permitted; but should guerrillas or bushwhackers molest our march, or should the inhabitants burn bridges, obstruct roads, or otherwise manifest local hostility, then army commanders should order and enforce a devastation more or less relentless according to the measure of such hostility. VI. As for horses, mules, wagons, &c., belonging to the inhabitants, the cavalry and artillery may appropriate freely and without limit, discriminating, however, between the rich, who are usually hostile, and the poor or industrious, usually neutral or friendly. Foraging parties may also take mules or horses to replace the jaded animals of their trains, or to serve as pack-mules for the regiments or bridges. In all foraging, of whatever kind, the parties engaged will refrain from abusive or threatening language, and may, where the officer in command thinks proper, give written certificates of the facts, but no receipts, and they will endeavor to leave with each family a reasonable portion for their maintenance. VII. Negroes who are able-bodied and can be of service to the several columns may be taken along, but each army commander will bear in mind that the question of supplies is a very important one and that his first duty is to see to them who bear arms. – William T. Sherman, Military Division of the Mississippi Special Field Order 120, November 9, 1864

13. The Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

14. The Second French Empire 1870

15. Napoleon III President & Emperor of France (1848-1870) Nephew of Napoleon I During war, he was out of touch and over confident Surrendered to Prussians at Sedan in 1871

16. The Prussian Empire (in blue) 1870

17. Otto Von Bismarck Genius political leader of Prussia (chancellor) Started the Franco- Prussian War to further German unification

18. Prussian Expansion

19. The Ems Telegram Telegram to the French from the Prussian Emperor William I altered by Bismarck to be inflammatory and insulting Caused the Franco Prussian War

20. Technology Saw the use of faster firing rifles – French Chassepot vs. German Dreyse “Needle” gun German use of modern artillery dominated conflict – Krupp breech-loading rifled artillery – Devastated French forces

21. Technology Chassepot Rifle Short, bolt action, carbine like infantry rifle Superior firing power Breech-loader, bolt action Could fire 8-15 rounds/min. Accurate at 1000 yards French riflemen could carry 100 rounds w/them Dreyse “Needle Rifle” Bolt Action w/needle like firing pin One of the first rifles to use cartridges Could fire 4-5 rounds/min Accurate at 400-600 yards Prussian riflemen could carry only 70 rounds

22. What is a “carbine?” A long firearm shortened for greater mobility – Originally given to cavalry – Later given to paratroopers, mobile infantry (in vehicles), etc.

23. Prussian Krupp Breech Loading Artillery Developed for Prussia by Krupp Industries Cast steel cannon Rifled barrel Faster firing and breech loaded Used by Prussians in artillery masses Used in close coordination w/infantry Made up for their obsolete rifles

24. French Soldier Professional army Lacking in quality High rates of alcoholism Poor tactical thinking Depended on massing troops Soldiers allowed only 4-5 shots before officer permission

25. German (Prussian) Soldier Finest army in Europe 1 million men Had at least 3 full years military experience Educated Utilized squads and companies to probe enemy lines Good communication

26. Helmuth Karl von Moltke Chief of Prussian General Staff “no battle survives contact w/ the enemy” Encouraged independent thinking in ranks Wanted officers to take initiative and adapt to new situations Did not mass troops in large groups – Squads sought enemy’s flanks

27. Why Prussia Beat France The Prussians Had better logistics – Successfully used railroads to their advantage Had better artillery – Krupp breech-loading guns fired faster and were more accurate Employed better tactics – Encouraged initiative and independent thinking among lower officers – Small groups sought enemy flanks

28. Consequences of Franco-Prussian War 1.Led by Prussia, Germany becomes a unified country. 2.Franco-German animosity intensifies, leading to a great desire for revenge on the part of the French. 3.The speed and success with which the war was waged misleads European powers into thinking the next great war will be quick and decisive.