1. ASPICE CAUDAM Look at the tail!

2. BASIC ENDINGS - t (he/she/it) + verb - nt(they) + verb - amobject (or `I’ on verb) - emobject (or `I’ on verb) - umobject (or `of’ + plural noun, or neuter subj.) - ā splr. obj. (or `thou’ on verb or (with short vowel) singular subject) - ō splr. obj. - ē splr. subj. or plr. obj. (or `thou’ on verb) - ussubject (or (with long vowel) of + noun, plr. sbj. or plr. obj.) - islong vowel:(to/for/by/with) plr noun or thou + verb or (short vowel) of + noun (or sing. subject) (or thou + verb) - ibus(to/for/by/with) + plr noun - tis you (plr) + verb

3. BASIC ENDINGS (contd.) - asg. sbj.(a, ae nouns), pl. sbj./obj (neuters) or, with long vowel, (by/with) noun or order to one person - aeof + noun, to/for + noun, pl. sbj - ō(to/for/by/with) + noun or `I’ on verb - ī(to/for/by/with) + noun, of + noun, or pl sbj. or `I‘ on verb (perfect tense) or order to one person - e(by/with) + noun or (long vowel) adverb (or neuter subject/object or (- ā re/- ī re/- ē r e) infinitive or address or order to one person (-te for plural) - mus`we’ on verb - tur(he/she/it) + passive verb - ntur(they) + passive verb - orsbj. or `I’ + passive verb - murwe + passive verb - e/i/aristhou + passive verb

4. DICTIONARY ENTRIES FOR NOUNS The dictionary gives the subject (nominative) and possessive (genitive) forms plus the gender In word lists, however, sometimes only the subject form of first and second declension nouns is given because the possessive form, and also the gender, can be predicted from the nominative ending: –a > possessive in –ae, feminine (except occupational nouns, e.g. agricola ) –us > possessive in – ī, masculine –um > possessive in – ī, neuter

5. DICTIONARY ENTRIES FOR VERBS The dictionary entry for a verb will give you the following information: - I-form of Present tense - Infinitive (from which the other forms of the Present and also the Imperfect and Future are formed) - I-form of Perfect (from which the other forms of the Perfect, the Past Perfect and the Future Perfect are formed) - Past Participle (from which the Passive Perfect, Past Perfect and Future Perfect are formed)

6. EXAMPLES OF DICTIONARY ENTRIES amō-āre-āvi-ātumlove moneō -ēre-uī -itumwarn videō -ērevīdī vīsumsee vincō -erevīcī victumconquer audiō-īre-īvī -ītumhear, listen capiō -erecēpicaptumcapture Notice that to save space, the dictionary does not repeat the letters before the ending if they do not change in the other parts of the verb.

7. VERB SIGNATURE VOWELS (long vowels are shortened before nt and final t and final m and before other vowels) ā –present tense for –āre verbs (1st group) –subjunctive for other types of verb –imperfect for all verbs (-bam, -bās, -bat etc.) –past perfect tense (-eram, -erās, -erat etc.) ē –present tense for – eō verbs (2nd. Group) –future tense for – ere and – i ō verbs –subjunctive for –āre verbs –imperfect subjunctive for all verbs (-rem, -r ē s, -ret etc.) ī/i/(i)u –present tense for 3rd, 4th and mixed groups –future tense for – ā re and – e ō verbs (-bō, -bis, -bit etc.) –perfect tense (( ī -, -istī, -it, -imus, -istīs, etc.)

8. VERB GROUPS (CONJUGATIONS) 1 st (am ō, am ā re) –Signature vowel is ā but this is dropped before ō –Perfect and past participle add v ī and tum to the stem 2 nd (habe ō, hab ē re) –Signature vowel is ē –Perfect and past participle often drop the ē and add u ī and tum 3 rd (reg ō, - ere) –Stem ends in a consonant but i is added before most endings beginning with a consonant (but u before `nt, e before re and ris and the b of imperfect endings) –Stem often changes before perfect endings and tum of past participle 4 th (audi ō, audīre) –Stem ends in ī but u is added between this and nt –Perfect and past participle add v ī and tum to the stem Mixed (capi ō, capere) –Endings in present, imperfect and future are like the fourth group except that i is always short –Infinitive, perfect and past participle formed in similar way to 3rd group

9. -t 3rd. Person singular (he/she/it ______) amat videt agricola lab ōrat rex amīcōs dūcit

10. -t 3rd. Person singular (he/she/it ______) amathe/she/it loves videthe/she/it sees agricola lab ōratthe farmer works rex amīcōs dūcitthe king leads his friends

11. -nt 3rd. Person plural (they______) c ō gitant laudant po ētae portam viden t puellae rosās amant

12. -nt 3rd. Person plural (they______) c ō gitantthey think laudantthey praise po ētae portam viden tpoets see the door puellae rosās amantgirls love roses

13. -am accusative singular (usually on feminine nouns and adjectives) 1st person singular (imperfect of all verbs, future and subjunctive of 3rd, 4th conjugations) puellam amat puerī agricolam cōnservant ancillam amābam puellae nautām vident

14. -am accusative singular (usually on feminine nouns and adjectives) 1st person singular (imperfect of all verbs, future and subjunctive of 3rd, 4th conjugations) puellam amathe/she loves the girl puerī agricolam the boys save the farmer cōnservant ancillam amābamI used to love the maid puellae nautām the girls see the farmer vident

15. -um accusative singular (on 2nd. Decl.masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives) nominative singular (on 2nd. Decl. neuter nouns and adjectives) genitive plural (1st decl. ārum, 2nd. decl. ōrum) templum de ōrum vidēmus puer ī deum laudant servum bonum am ābō ōtium animum cōnservat

16. -um accusative singular (on 2nd. Decl.masculine and neuter nouns and adjectives) nominative singular (on 2nd. Decl. neuter nouns and adjectives) genitive plural – (1st decl. ārum, 2nd. decl. ōrum) templum de ōrum vidēmuswe see the temple of the gods puer ī deum laudantthe boys praise the god servum bonum am ābōI will love the good slave ōtium animum cōnservat leisure preserves the soul

17. -ās-ās accusative plural (on 1st declension nouns and feminine adjective) you (sing.) on a verb (on 1st. conj. present tense, imperfect of all verbs, subjunctive of conj. 2, 3 & 4) ancill ās poētae vocat saepe err ās f ēminās avarās monēmus dominō rosās dabant

18. -ās-ās accusative plural (on 1st declension nouns and feminine adjective) you (sing.) on a verb (on 1st. conj. present tense, imperfect of all verbs, subjunctive of conj. 2, 3 & 4) ancill ās poētae vocathe calls the poet’s slaves saepe err ās you are often wrong f ēminās avarās monēmuswe warn greedy women dominō rosās dabant they were giving roses to the master

19. -ōs-ōs accusative plural (on 2nd declension nouns) R ōmānōs vidēbis anim ōs am īcī semper laudō puer ōs avārōs nōn amāmus amīcīs servōs datis

20. -ōs-ōs accusative plural (on 2nd declension nouns) R ōmānōs vidēbisyou will see the Romans anim ōs am īcī semper laudō I always praise my friends high spirits puer ōs avārōs nōn amāmus we not like greedy boys amīcīs servōs datis you give the slaves to your friends

21. -ēs-ēs Nominative and accusative plural (on 3rd & 4th declension nouns) You (sg.) on a verb (on 2nd conj. present tense, 1st conj. present subjunctive, 3rd/4th conj. future) Nominative singular (4th declension) f īlium servāre debēsyou should praise your son mult ōs populōs monēs you advise many peoples quid hab ēs what do you have? si valēs, valeō If you’re well, I’m well

22. -ēs-ēs Nominative and accusative plural (on 3rd & 4th declension nouns) You (sg.) on a verb (on 2nd conj. present tense, 1st conj. present subjunctive, 3rd/4th conj. future) Nominative singular (4th declension) f īlium servāre debēsyou should save your son mult ōs populōs monēs you advise many peoples quid hab ēs what do you have? si valēs, valeō If you’re well, I’m well

23. - u s/- ūs [SHORT] Nominative singular (2nd & 4th declension nouns and adjectives) [LONG] Nominative & accusative plural (4th declension nouns) [LONG] Genitive singular (4th declension nouns) dominus servōs terret stultus poenās saepe dat Marcus est puer R ōmānus amīcus meus amīcam habet

24. - u s/- ūs [SHORT] Nominative singular (2nd & 4th declension nouns and adjectives) [LONG] Nominative & accusative plural (4th declension nouns) [LONG] Genitive singular (4th declension nouns) dominus servōs terretthe master frightens the servants stultus poenās saepe dat a fool often pays the penalty Marcus est puer R ōmānusMarcus is a Roman boy amīcus meus amīcam habet My friend has a girl-friend

25. - i s/- īs [SHORT] Genitive singular (all 3rd declension nouns and adjectives) [SHORT] Nominative singular (some 3rd declension nouns and adjectives) [LONG] Dative and ablative plural (1st & 2nd decl. nouns and adjectives) You (sing.) on verbs (SHORT: 3rd conj. Present, 1st. & 2nd. Conj. Future; LONG: 4th conj. Present) puellās in agrīs vidēbis poētīs pecūniam semper dat dē fēminīs cōgitant in meō agrō manēbis

26. - i s/- īs [SHORT] Genitive singular (all 3rd declension nouns and adjectives) [SHORT] Nominative singular (some 3rd declension nouns and adjectives) [LONG] Dative and ablative plural (1st & 2nd decl. nouns and adjectives) You (sing.) on verbs (SHORT: 3rd conj. Present, 1st. & 2nd. Conj. Future; LONG: 4th conj. Present) puellās in agrīs vidēbisyou’ll see the girls in the fields poētīs pecūniam semper dathe always gives money to poets dē fēminīs cōgitantthey are thinking about women in meō agrō manēbis my friend has a girl-friend

27. - bus Dative and ablative plural: –ibus (all 3rd and 4th declension nouns and adjectives) –ābus (with 2nd. declension nouns fīlia and dea to distinguish them from fīlius and deus) –ēbus (5th declension nouns) deīs et deābus dōna dant Anna cum filiābus manet deī filiābus fortūnam dabant cum deābus sumus

28. - bus Dative and ablative plural: –ibus (all 3rd and 4th declension nouns and adjectives) –ābus (with 2nd. declension nouns fīlia and dea to distinguish them from fīlius and deus) –ēbus (5th declension nouns) deīs et deābus dōna dantthey give gifts to the gods and goddesses Anna cum filiābus manetAnna stays with her daughters deī filiābus fortūnam dabantthe gods will give luck to the daughters cum deābus sumus we are with the goddesses

29. - a/-ā [SHORT] Nominative and accusative plural (on ALL NEUTER nouns) [SHORT] Nominative singular, first declension [LONG] Ablative singular, first declension bella time ō agricola in agr ī s lab ō rat in ī nsul ā sumus in aquā sunt multa perīcula

30. - a/-ā [SHORT] Nominative and accusative plural (on ALL NEUTER nouns) [SHORT] Nominative singular, first declension [LONG] Ablative singular, first declension bella time ōI fear wars agricola in agr ī s lab ō ratthe farmer works in the fields in ī nsul ā sumus we’re on the island in aquā sunt multa perīculathere are many dangers in the water

31. - ae Nominative plural (1st declension nouns and adjectives) Genitive and dative singular (1st declension) puellae puer ō d ō na dant n ō men f ī liae meae est Ianeta Ovidiī sunt multae amīcae sapientiam magistrae laudāmus

32. - ae Nominative plural (1st declension nouns and adjectives) Genitive and dative singular (1st declension) puellae puer ō d ō na dant the girls give gifts to the boy n ō men f ī liae meae est Ianeta my daughter’s name is Janet Ovidiī sunt multae amīcae Ovid has many girlfriends sapientiam magistrae laudāmus we praise the teacher’s wisdom

33. -ō-ō 1st person singular (present of all verbs, future of 1st, 2nd conjugations) dative and ablative singular (2nd declension) puella cum puer ō manet ancilla domin ō v īnum dat amīcam Marcī laudō rosās deō dabō

34. -ō-ō 1st person singular (present of all verbs, future of 1st, 2nd conjugations) dative and ablative singular (2nd declension) puella cum puer ō manet the girl stays with the boy ancilla domin ō v īnum dat the maid gives the master wine amīcam Marcī laudō I praise Marcus’s girlfriend rosās deō dabō I’ll give roses to the god

35. -ī-ī nominative plural (2nd declension masc. nouns and adjectives) genitive singular (2nd declension nouns and masc. and neuter adjectives – remember genitives normally follow the noun they qualify!) Ist person singular (perfect of all verbs) passive infinitives agricolae sunt bon ī am īcī fī li ī meī sapientiam amant servī dōna dominī laudant puerī oculōs bonōs habent

36. -ī-ī nominative plural (2nd declension masc. nouns and adjectives) genitive singular (2nd declension nouns and masc. and neuter adjectives – remember genitives normally follow the noun they qualify!) Ist person singular (perfect of all verbs) passive infinitives agricolae sunt bon ī the farmers are good am īcī fī li ī meī sapientiam amant the friends of my son love wisdom servī dōna dominī laudant the slaves praise the master’s gifts puerī oculōs bonōs habent the boys have good eyes

37. - ā/-ē + b + ō/i-/u- future tense (1st and 2nd conjugation) templum c ō nserv ābimus Marcus d ōnum amābit puellae poenās dabunt cum dominō nōn manēbō

38. - ā/-ē + b + ō/i-/u- future tense (1st and 2nd conjugation) templum c ō nserv ābimuswe will save the temple Marcus d ōnum amābit Marcus will love the gift puellae poenās dabunt the girls will pay the penalty cum dominō nōn manēbōI will not stay with the master

39. - ā/-ē + b + a- imperfect tense (all verbs) cum magistr ō err ābātis puellae sapientiam laud ābant in Britanniā labōrābam servus dē ancillā cōgitābat

40. - ā/-ē + b + a- imperfect tense (all verbs) cum magistr ō err ābātisyou were wandering with the teacher puellae sapientiam laud ābant the girls were praising wisdom in Britanniā labōrābam I was working in Britain servus dē ancillā cōgitābatthe slave was thinking about the maid