1. END OF WORLD WAR I

2. German offensive in the summer of 1918 to capture Paris, France and win the war. With the help of the U.S., the French and British were able to stop the German advance. Germans surrender and sign an armistice on Nov. 11, 1918 to end the war.

3. PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE: The Allies met in Paris on January 18, 1919 to begin negotiating terms of peace for WWI (Paris Peace Conference) Italy wanted the territory promised to them when entering the war. Britain wanted to protect its empire. France wanted to punish and weaken Germany. Britain and France had the heaviest damage from the war (out of the Allies) and the U.S. had only entered into the war in 1917 so they felt they earned the right to determine the terms of peace. Arguing caused Italy to abandon the Conference, Wilson left without his peace of justice.

4. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE “BIG FOUR” BRITAIN David Lloyd George FRANCE Georges Clemenceau ITALY Vittorio Orlando UNITED STATES Woodrow Wilson

5. WILSON’S 14 POINTS President Wilson’s 14 Points were his ideas to “end all war”. Open diplomacy or no secret treaties. Freedom of the seas. Free trade. Countries reduce colonies and weapons International control of colonies….. Formation of new countries with self- government as a goal. (Democracy) MOST IMPORTANT: A “league of nations” to guarantee peace among nations. (Collective Security)

6. TREATY OF VERSAILLES Signed June 28, 1919 (5 years to the day after Archduke Ferdinand was assassinated. LEAGUE OF NATIONS Adopted Wilson’s Fourteen Points Goal was to keep peace among nations 5 Allied nations- U.S.A., Great Britain, France, Italy, & Japan- permanent members of Executive Council General Assembly consist of reps of 32 Allied & neutral nations Germany & Russia were excluded.

7. Attempted to humiliate and cripple Germany. Germany- NO Navy & Army limited to 100,000 soldiers. Forced to sign a guilt clause acknowledging all responsibility for damages and losses during the war.

8. FOURTEEN POINTS End to secret alliances Freedom of the seas Reduce economic barriers & tariffs to promote open trade. Reduce armaments- stop the desire to have largest armies. Self determination for all countries and people- colonies allowed to rule themselves. TREATY OF VERSAILLES: Germany forced to accept blame for war & required to pay for the total cost of WWI Germany had to reduce size of its army. Germany’s colonies divided amongst the allies. Austria-Hungary divided into 4 independent countries. LEAGUE OF NATIONS CREATED: Would resolve problems amongst nations through law before another war could happen. U.S. did not joint because they wanted to return to isolationism.

10. CREATION OF NEW NATIONS Western powers signed separate peace treaties in 1919 & 1920 with Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, & the Ottoman Empire. (defeated nations) Led to huge land losses for Central Powers Austro-Hungarian Empire became: Austria Hungary Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Ottoman Turks: Only keep what is known today as Turkey Palestine, Iraq, & Transjordan became mandates under British control Syria & Lebanon became mandates under French control Russia Poland & Romania gained Russian land Finland, Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania became independent nations

11. THE WAR’S EXTREME COST: 8.5M soldiers killed 21M soldiers injured Countless civilians killed by starvation, disease & slaughter LOST GENERATION: Disillusionment settled over the survivors Insecurity & despair All reflected in the art & literature of the time.