1. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Longman PoliticalScienceInteractive Magleby & Light Government by the People Chapter 20 Making Foreign and Defense Policy

2. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Debating America’s Proper Role in Sudan After a small rebel group began attacking the Sudanese government in 2003, the government sent in troops to drive out black Africans in the Darfur region, raping and killing anyone who stood in their way The U.N. sent in a relatively small and unarmed peacekeeping force Human rights groups have called for greater involvement on the part of the U.N. and the U.S. Debate over what exactly should be done

3. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense Realism –Theory of international relations that focuses on the tendency of nations to operate from self-interest Idealism –Theory of international relations that focuses on the hope that nations will act together to solve international problems and promote peace

4. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense Isolationism –The desire to avoid international engagement altogether Internationalism –The belief that nations must engage in international problem solving

5. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense Unilateralism –A philosophy that encourages individual nations to act on their own when facing threats from other nations – Bush Doctrine : Any nation that threatens the U.S. is automatically a potential target for unilateral action Multilateralism –A philosophy that encourages individual nations to act together to solve international problems

6. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense Preemption –Taking action before the Unites States is attacked rather than waiting for provocation –Another centerpiece of the Bush Doctrine –Example: America’s 2003 invasion of Iraq Provocation –Going to war only after being provoked –U.S. policy for most of the country’s history

7. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense Hard power –Reliance on economic and military strength to solve international problems –Associated with the theory of deterrence Soft power –Reliance on diplomacy and negotiation to solve international problems

8. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Defining Vital U.S. Interests Whether Americans like it or not, events far from home affect their life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness

9. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Controlling Weapons of Mass Destruction Bush Doctrine A policy adopted by the Bush administration in 2001 that asserted America’s right to attack any nation that has weapons of mass destruction that might be used against U.S. interests at home or abroad Weapons of mass destruction have never been found in Iraq

10. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Fighting Terrorism As the 9/11 Commission reported, the most important failure of the U.S. government leading to the tragedy was one of imagination: Americans and their leaders never thought it could happen here

11. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Negotiating Peace in the Middle East In 2002, the U.S., Israel, and most Arab nations embraced the “Road Map to Peace” Progress slowed after 2006, when the Palestinian people gave a majority of seats in their new parliament to Hamas Young boys wave the flag of Hamas outside a polling station in Gaza City during the first Palestinian parliamentary election in a decade in 2006

12. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Promoting Free Trade Abroad The U.S. generally has responded to globalization with a basic commitment to the free movement of goods across international borders Exceptions: –Technologies that can be used to build nuclear weapons –Protection of defense industries

13. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Reducing Global Warming Increasing agreement on the reality of global warming Kyoto Protocol (1997) –Never ratified by the U.S. Air pollution in China, which contains 16 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities

14. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Resolving the War in Iraq 2003 invasion –Quickly accomplished the goal of ousting Saddam Hussein –Did not result in the discovery of weapons of mass destruction –Did not succeed in converting Iraq into a stable democracy –Has undermined America’s ability to promote international understanding

15. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman The National Security Council Created by Congress in 1947 Traditionally consists of the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense

16. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman The State Department Responsible for the diplomatic realm of foreign and defense policy –Negotiates treaties –Protects U.S. citizens abroad –Promotes U.S. commercial interests –Grants visas

17. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman The Central Intelligence Agency and the Intelligence Community Created in 1947 to coordinate the gathering and analysis of information that flows into various parts of the U.S. government from all around the world Reporting Research Dissemination

18. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman The Department of Defense War Department and Department of the Navy (pre-1947) National Security Act (1947) Joint Chiefs of Staff –Department of Defense Reorganization Act (1986) All-Volunteer Force Contractors

19. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Foreign Policy and Defense Options: Conventional Diplomacy (Soft Power) Role of face-to-face discussions Role of the United Nations –During its first 65 years, dominated by a combination of Third World and communist nations hostile to many U.S. interests –In recent years: More harmony among the five permanent members of the Security Council Improved reputation due to successful missions and programs

20. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Foreign Policy and Defense Options: Foreign Aid (Soft Power) Since 1945, the United States has provided about $400 billion in economic assistance to foreign countries In the past, most aid went to Israel, Egypt, Ukraine, Jordan, India, Russia, South Africa, and Haiti Only 9 percent of Americans support increasing foreign aid

21. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Foreign Policy and Defense Options: Economic Sanctions (Hard Power) Economic Sanctions Denial of export, import, or financial relations with a target country in an effort to change that nation’s policies “Sanctions have caused humanitarian suffering (Haiti), weakened friendly governments (Bosnia), bolstered tyrants (Cuba), and left countries with little choice but to develop nuclear weapons (Pakistan).” -Richard Haass, Brookings Institution

22. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Foreign Policy and Defense Options: Military Intervention (Hard Power)