1. Dr. Owen Clarkin School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering Summary of Energy Topics Chapter 1: Thermodynamics / Energy Introduction Chapter 2: Systems & Processes Chapter 3: Work, Energy, Temperature & Heat Chapter 4: Work Processes of Closed Systems Chapter 5: Thermodynamic Properties Chapter 6: Steam Tables Chapter 7: Ideal Gases Chapter 8: Conservation of Mass & Energy Chapter 9: 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 10: Steady Flow Energy Equation Chapter 11: Heat Engines and Reversibility Chapter 12: 2 nd Law of Thermodynamics Chapter 13: Entropy Chapter 14: General Energy

2. Chapter 13: Entropy ENTROPY It is a property whose change is defined in terms of Heat Transfer  Q and Temperature T for a reversibly process. Inequality of Clausius Dr. Joseph Stokes School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

3. Chapter 13: Entropy Dr. Owen Clarkin School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

4. Chapter 13: Entropy Dr. Owen Clarkin School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

5. Chapter 13: Entropy Dr. Owen Clarkin School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

6. Chapter 13: Entropy Dr. Owen Clarkin School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

7. Chapter 13: Entropy Dr. Owen Clarkin School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

8. Chapter 13: Entropy Dr. Owen Clarkin School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

9. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT CYCLE / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Dr. Joseph Stokes School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

10. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Process 1 – 2: –Wet vapour at State 1 enters the compressor and is compressed Isentropically to State 2. The Work Input is represented by Symbol W 1-2 Process 2 – 3: –A saturated vapour enters the condenser at State 2 and is condensed at constant Temperature and Pressure to State 3. At this point the working fluid is completely Liquid Heat Rejected Q 2-3 Process 3 – 4: –The liquid refrigerant expands Isentropically behind the piston of the engine doing the work W 3-4 Process 4 – 1: –The refrigerant enters the evaporator where the heat necessary for evaporation Q 4-1 is taken from the cold space (e.g. ice box)

11. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Process 1 – 2: –Wet vapour at State 1 enters the compressor and is compressed Isentropically to State 2. The Work Input is represented by Symbol W 1-2 Process 2 – 3: –A saturated vapour enters the condenser at State 2 and is condensed at constant Temperature and Pressure to State 3. At this point the working fluid is completely Liquid Heat Rejected Q 2-3 Process 3 – 4: –The liquid refrigerant expands Isentropically behind the piston of the engine doing the work W 3-4 Process 4 – 1: –The refrigerant enters the evaporator where the heat necessary for evaporation Q 4-1 is taken from the cold space (e.g. ice box)

12. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE

13. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Dr. Owen Clarkin School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

14. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Variations Dr. Joseph Stokes School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

15. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Variations Dr. Joseph Stokes School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

16. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Variations Dr. Joseph Stokes School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

17. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Dr. Joseph Stokes School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

18. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Dr. Joseph Stokes School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

19. Chapter 13: Entropy CARNOT / REFRIGERATION CYCLE Dr. Joseph Stokes School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering