1. Reactance and Resonance

2. Some Review of Important Concepts AC waves have constantly changing voltage and currents. We need to use RMS voltage and RMS currents in calculations involving ac. The two fundamental principles of electronics: –Moving electrons create magnetic fields. –Changing magnetic fields cause electrons to move.

3. Resistance and Reactance Resistance is one of the fundamental components of electricity. It inhibits the flow of electrons. Inductors and capacitors react differently under dc and ac conditions: –Inductors offer 0 resistance in dc environment –Capacitors offer infinite resistance in dc environment They react quite differently in an ac environment The resistance to electron flow in an ac environment offered by inductors and capacitors is called REACTANCE.

4. Capacitors in AC Environment

5. Looking at the Time Domain Capacitors At time = 0 when voltage is first applied: –I is very high (electrons rushing in). –V is 0 (capacitor looks like a short circuit). At some later time after voltage is applied: –I is zero (capacitor will accept no more electrons). –V is high (capacitor is fully charged).

6. Capacitor Voltage and Current Curves

7. Capacitors in Time Domain As the capacitors accept a charge, there is an opposing voltage in the capacitor. Therefore: Capacitors in an ac environment oppose a change in voltage. Also: The voltage lags behind the current in a capacitor. (These two concepts will become important later in the discussion of resonance)

8. Capacitive (Resistance) Reactance If we apply an ac current across a capacitor and measure: –RMS voltage –RMS current –As a function of frequency We can use Ohm’s law to measure the reactance in the circuit X C = E/I.

9. Capacitive (Resistance) Reactance Data Fit Algorithm to Data Confirm Curve Fit Solve For C

10. Capacitive Reactance Important Points Capacitors have more reactance at lower frequencies; the reactance decreases as frequency increases. The relationship between frequency and capacitive reactance is not linear. The formula to calculate capacitive reactance is:

11. Inductors in AC Environment

12. Looking at the Time Domain Inductors At time = 0 when voltage is first applied: –V is very high. –I is 0 (electrons waiting to rushing in). At some later time after voltage is applied: –I is maximum (electrons flowing through a wire). –V is 0 (conductor has zero dc resistance).

13. Inductor Voltage and Current Curves

14. Inductors in Time Domain As the current flows in the inductor, a magnetic field develops which opposes the flow of additional electrons (remember the basic principles of moving electrons?). Therefore: Inductors in an ac environment oppose a change in current. Also: The voltage leads the current in a inductor (the opposite of what happens in a capacitor).

15. Inductor (Resistance) Reactance If we apply an ac current across an inductor and measure: –RMS voltage –RMS current –As a function of frequency We can use Ohm’s law to measure the reactance in the circuit X L = E/I.

16. Inductor (Resistance) Reactance Data Confirm Curve Fit Fit Algorithm to Data Solve For L

17. Inductive Reactance Inductors have less reactance at lower frequencies; the reactance increases as frequency increases (opposite of capacitors!). The relationship between frequency and inductive reactance is linear. The formula to calculate inductive reactance is:

18. Putting Inductors and Capacitors Together Remember: Inductors and capacitors react to changing currents (ac). –Voltage lags current in capacitor. –Voltage leads current in an inductor. Putting inductors and capacitors together creates an electronic “bell” that rings or resonates. –Inductor feeds capacitor: capacitor feeds inductor in a back and forth, reciprocal way.

19. Resonance Special things happen when the reactance of the inductor equals the reactance of the capacitor – RESONANCE. Depending on the configuration of the inductor and capacitor. –In series: passes the resonance frequency, blocks other frequencies. –In parallel: passes all frequencies but resonant frequency.

20. Series Passes Resonant Frequencies

21. Remember: 1.Voltage in inductors lead current. 2.Voltage in capacitors lag current. 3.In series circuit current is same in both components. At resonance – voltages are equal and opposite so they cancel out. With Ohm’s law R = E/I. Resistance is theoretically zero because 0/I.

22. Parallel Short Circuits Non-Resonant Frequencies

23. Parallel Block Resonant Frequencies Remember: 1.Voltage in inductors lead current. 2.Voltage in capacitors lag current. 3.In parallel circuits voltage is same in both components. At resonance – currents are equal and opposite so they cancel out. With Ohm’s law R = E/I. Resistance is theoretically infinite because E/0.

24. Putting It All Together

25. Resonance Formula Resonance occurs when capacitive and inductive reactance are equal:

26. Resonance Formula Derivation

27. Impedance Matching with L/C Circuits As stated in a previous lesson, maximum power is transferred if the impedances between stages are matched. The reactance characteristics of L/C circuits can be used as impedance transformers to create a match. –Example: L/C circuits are used as RF impedance transformers in antenna matching networks.

28. Important Stuff AC voltages measured in Peak-to-Peak and RMS. RMS is most useful voltage measurement. Inductors and capacitors react to ac differently than dc (reactance is resistance to ac). Capacitive reactance goes down as frequency goes up. Inductive reactance goes up as frequency goes up. An L/C circuit is resonant when the inductive and capacitive reactance are equal.