1. The Cold War Divides the World 17.4

2. Setting the Stage  First World:  Industrialized capitalist nations  U.S. + its allies  Second World:  Communist nations led by the Soviet Union  Third World:  Developing nations, often newly independent, that were not aligned w/ either superpower.

3. Fighting for the Third World  Third World nations primarily in Latin America, Asia and Africa  Economically poor + politically unstable b/c of long history with colonialism.  Lack of technology + education.

4. Cold War Strategies  U.S. and Soviet Union wanted to gain influence in the Third World  Used CIA/KBG to overthrow regimes + staged revolutions  U.S.:  Military aid, set up schools, programs to fight poverty, sent volunteers  Soviet Union.:  Military + technological assistance

5. Association of Nonaligned Nations  Nonaligned Nations: independent countries  Some able to maintain neutrality in the Cold War b/c didn’t need U.S. or S.U. resources  Others took sides or played U.S./S.U. off each other

6. Confrontations in Latin America  Cuban + Nicaraguan rebels turned to communism in response to repressive dictators  U.S. fought these rebels through various way in order to contain communism

7. Confronting Communism in CUba  Cuban Revolution:  Guerrilla Leader Fidel Castro overthrows US-supported Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959.  Castro Turns to Communism:  Castro started to seize private businesses (including American owned) on the island  Accepted military + financial aid from Soviet Union and made anti-American speeches

8. CUBAN TRADE Soviet Union opens up a trade agreement with Cuba. President Eisenhower had cut off all trade with Cuba.

9. ASSASSINATION ATTEMPTS CIA with Mafia hit men try to assassinate Castro (including an attempt with an exploding cigar)

10. Bay of pigs  Bay of Pigs Invasion: April 17, 1961  CIA-led force of Cuban exiles attacked Cuba in efforts to overthrow Castro  Very badly managed:  Forces poorly equipped  Landed w/ no backup cover  Only 300/1,400 were not killed/captured  Turned Cubans against Kennedy (exposed by old U.S. airplanes + strengthened Castro

11. The CUBAN Missile Crisis  August & September 1962:  U.S. discovered the S.U. were building nukes in Cuba that could reach mainland America

12. The CUBAN Missile Crisis  Nuclear war seemed a REAL possibility (BRINKMANSHIP).  JFK orders a blockade of Cuba  Behind the scenes:  Soviets would have to remove missiles from Cuba then the U.S. would take its out of Turkey  ∴ S.U. takes nukes out of Cuba + war averted

13. The Results of The Crisis  In the S.U., Khrushchev lost prestige  In the U.S., Kennedy emerged as more mature + thoughtful  Both wanted to now move toward détente  Hotline: telephone b/w D.C. & Moscow to improve communication  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5ZzL9KsyPY https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H5ZzL9KsyPY

14. The Berlin Crisis  Khrushchev wanted a treaty that gave control of Western Berlin to East Germany  JFK held firm + refused  West Berlin was a problem for the Soviets:  East Berliners defecting into West Berlin.  Soviets positioned troops in East Berlin to demonstrate a potential armed takeover of the city

15. Berlin Wall  After a June 1961 meeting doesn’t go in his favor:  Khrushchev orders the construction of a wall separating the two cities aka the Berlin Wall  JFK answers by bringing US troops into West Berlin  = American + Russian troops face to face for the first time but never actually fight!

16. Civil War in Nicaragua  U.S. also supported Nicaraguan dictator Anastasia Somoza since 1933 to prevent the spread of communism  1979: Led by Daniel Ortega, Communist Sandinista rebels toppled Somoza’s son.  Sandinistas then helped Communist forces in El Salvador  U.S. sponsored the anti-communist Nicaraguan forces called the contras.  Led to decades of Civil War b/w Sandinistas and Contras.

17. Confrontations in the Middle East  Secular = nonreligious  Non-secular = religious

18. Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran  After WWII the Iranian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi embraced Western gov’ts + oil companies  Iranian nationalists resented this ∴ they united under Prime Minister Muhammad Mossadeq  Forced the shah to flee  U.S. then helped the shah return to power fearing the Soviet would help the nationalists

19. The U.S. Supports Secular Rule  U.S. helped the Shah completely Westernize Iran  Skyscrapers, foreign banks, modern factories  Millions of Iranians still lived in poverty  ∴ a religious opposition rose, led by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini.  Forced the shah to leave after a massive uprising

20. Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies  Khomeini returned Iran to a religious state  Strictly enforced Islam  U.S. took in the shah + gave him medical help  Caused an uprising in Iran in 1979  Radical nationalist students stormed the U.S. Embassy in Iran taking 66 Americans hostage  Held for 444 days