1. By: Maria Athnasios, Angel Staugaard and Chloe Zurcher

2. According to Creating America the main idea of Chapter 14 Section 2 is, “Inspired by nature and democratic ideals, writers and artists produced some of America’s greatest works.” Creating America also shares why this section matters today, “Nineteenth- century writers such as Hawthorne and Thoreau laid the foundation for American literature.”

3. Romanticism- a European artistic movement that stressed the individual, imagination, creativity and emotion. Hudson river school- group of artists living in the Hudson River Valley in New York. Transcendentalism- a 19 th century philosophy that taught the spiritual world is more important than the physical world and that people can find truth within themselves through feelings and intuition. Civil Disobedience -peacefully refusing to obey laws one considers unjust.

4. American Writing Develops People began to write about American wilderness. For example, Francis Parkman wrote a book about the Oregon Trail and Natty Bumppo wrote about a wilderness scout. Writer’s started to write with a unique American style. Noah Webster wrote the first American dictionary depicting words and slang of American’s style of English. Some writers rejoiced America’s history through their writing. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote a poem about Paul Revere’s ride.

5. Fiction writes began to write about the hurtful effects of unkind actions. This eventually lead to Transcendentalism. For example, Walt Whitman is an American author who wrote Leaves of Grass which commended normal people and forever changed American poetry. Emily Dickinson is another famous American author. According to Creating America, “Her subjects included God, nature, love, and death.” In the 1800s, Edgar Allen Poe changed American writing by writing stories that effects horror stories today and writing the original detective story. According to Creating America, “Nathaniel Hawthorne depicted love, guilt, and revenge during Puritan times in The Scarlet Letter. The novel shows that harsh judgment without mercy can lead to tragedy.” Writing from Emotion

6. American painters were influenced by romanticism and interested in nature. The Hudson River School was the U.S. first well-known painting school which appeared in 1820. They worked on the Hudson River in New York. Their artwork was based off of peaceful landscapes of mountains, forests, and rivers.

7. Members of Hudson River School Some members of the Hudson River School moved west to America’s Mountains for more excitement. One person who did this included Albert Bierstadt, and he painted the beautiful landscapes that America had to offer. Another person who had moved west to find art inspiration was John James Audubon who came from France. He painted many birds and animals in the west. Some slaves were artists as well, and were able to make pottery, baskets, and quilts. Some remained anonymous, but David Drake made himself known through his great pottery work.

8. Art At Different Times Overall, in the late 18th century and early 19th century, artists mostly painted landscapes and realistic portraits. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, European styles of art became popular in America. The main style of art that became popular was romanticism. Romanticism stressed the individual, imagination, creativity, and emotion, and it’s inspiration was from nature.

9. Transcendentalism http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=E 5370D51-B6F1-4947-A7B5- DC06EC2FE467&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

10. Important People Ralph Waldo Emerson is a American writer that believed Americans should celebrate new culture and have their own beliefs. According to Creating America, “He urged Americans to cast off European influence and develop their own beliefs. His advice was to learn from self-examination and from nature as well as books.” Henry David Thoreau was Emerson’s student. Thoreau said, “If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away.” In other words, Thoreau believed people should live by their own personal values. Margret Fuller is another transcendentalist that argued for women’s rights in her magazine and book.

11. Transcendentalism began in the 1840s. Emerson,Thoreau, and Fuller were all transcendentalists. This meant that they taught that they taught that the spiritual world is more important than the physical world and that people can find truth within themselves through feelings and intuition. Thoreau encouraged people not to follow laws that they considered unfair. However, Thoreau believed that people should protest laws peacefully without violence. Protesting in this manner is referred to as Civil Disobedience. For example, Thoreau went to jail instead of paying taxes that supported the Mexican American War. Some transcendentalists formed their own community in Brook Farm, Massachusetts. “No law can be sacred to me but that of my nature.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

12. In conclusion, American authors in the 1800s shaped American literature through their work. American writing in the 1800s was, influenced by romanticism, about American wilderness, and about America’s past. Artists, along with authors, were also influenced by romanticism. The Hudson River School artists longed to paint new and exciting sceneries that the West has to offer. Their work was of beautiful landscapes. African American slaves also contributed to American art. Transcendentalism is a 19 th century philosophy that was taught by American author such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. Transcendentalism taught that the spiritual world is more important than the physical world. Thoreau, another transcendentalist, believed in civil disobedience, which is protesting laws peacefully.

13. Sites Sources Hudson River School Pic. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cassdesign.com/images/panel50.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.cassdesign.com/hudson.html&h=231&w=316&sz= 10&tbnid=yCGuwg8ELf1FGM:&tbnh=86&tbnw=117&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dhudson%2Briver%2Bschool%26tbm%3Disch%26tbo%3Du&zoom=1&q=hudson+ri ver+school&hl=en&usg=__ns07h-LR0XKohKos4PaUzEmOG60=&sa=X&ei=IXSrTb9Dg_fSAdXerfkI&sqi=2&ved=0CD0Q9QEwAQ Leaves of grass http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/guide/ra027001.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/guide/ra027001.html&usg=_ __qpRfTySjAQxjsItDKllkLdt2Eg=&h=445&w=600&sz=171&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=oAEqkLPcMT0JcM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=167&ei=4HWrTevxCcHg0QHw hrzBDg&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dleaves%2Bof%2Bgrass%2Bwalt%2Bwhitman%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1114%26bih%3D549%26tbm%3Disch& um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=192&oei=4HWrTevxCcHg0QHwhrzBDg&page=1&ndsp=22&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:0&tx=101&ty=114 Scarelt Letter Picture http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.paduiblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/scarlet-letter.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.paduiblog.com/pa-dui/dui- the-new-scarlet-letter/&usg=__lkxJ1LBbthnqf2Xt4eXrf4- PPUE=&h=500&w=301&sz=28&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=hfNWm1I7o7Aj4M:&tbnh=131&tbnw=79&ei=hHarTazsNtOH0QGawsX5CA&prev=/images%3Fq %3Dthe%2Bscarlet%2Bletter%2Bnathaniel%2Bhawthorne%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1114%26bih%3D549%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1&iact=r c&dur=337&oei=hHarTazsNtOH0QGawsX5CA&page=1&ndsp=26&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0&tx=30&ty=52 Headless Horseman Pic. http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://robertarood.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/the_headless_horseman_pursuing_ichabod_crane.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ro bertarood.wordpress.com/2008/09/01/the-legend-of-sleepy-hollow/&usg=__0H8DfVAceoOX5uGs- 8ZBM_98IBo=&h=412&w=528&sz=56&hl=en&start=0&zoom=1&tbnid=zbHZ2feE3yk9xM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=160&ei=l3erTaCLNuyI0QG7- 7X5CA&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dheadless%2Bhorseman%2Bbook%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D1114%26bih%3D549%26tbm%3Disch&um=1&itbs=1 &iact=rc&dur=193&oei=l3erTaCLNuyI0QG7-7X5CA&page=1&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0&tx=117&ty=96 Henry Thoreau http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Henry_David_Thoreau.jpg/486px-Henry_David_Thoreau.jpg Ralph Emerson http://www.picture-wisdom.com/Williams-C/Pictures/Ralph-Waldo-Emerson.jpg Margaret Fuller http://danassays.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/margaret-fuller1.jpg Edgar Allan Poe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9d/Edgar_Allan_Poe_2_cropped.jpg

14. Edgar Allan Poe http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Walt_Whitman_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16786.jpg Emily Dickinson http://www.uiowa.edu/~c008055/images/emily_dickinson.jpg Nathaniel Hawthorne http://content.answcdn.com/main/content/img/getty/5/6/2663756.jpg Hudson River School 1 http://imagehost.vendio.com/a/12725694/aview/AutumnHudson677FlAd001.jpg Hudson River School 2 http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dhudson%2Briver%2Bs chool%26fr2%3Dtab- web&w=800&h=630&imgurl=imagehost.vendio.com%2Fa%2F12725694%2Faview%2FAutumnHudson677FlAd001.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artist sblog.net%2F2009%2F03%2F26%2Fautumn-twilight-on-the-hudson-river-36-x-24-a-painting-a-day-hudson-river-school-garden-new-york-landscapes- by-connie- tom%2F&size=87KB&name=Hudson+River%E2%80%9D+%7E+...&p=hudson+river+school&oid=5801c3b00718d91620ab50d99e9dc2d2&fr2=tab- web&no=1&tt=42400&sigr=150d94vmo&sigi=120n763ul&sigb=12e42pij2&.crumb=cnmmyrdLelq#FCar=9a9c1a06a9c42468234cf2da224d441f Hudson River School 3 http://images.search.yahoo.com/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dhudson%2Briver%2Bs chool%26fr2%3Dtab- web&w=800&h=630&imgurl=imagehost.vendio.com%2Fa%2F12725694%2Faview%2FAutumnHudson677FlAd001.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artist sblog.net%2F2009%2F03%2F26%2Fautumn-twilight-on-the-hudson-river-36-x-24-a-painting-a-day-hudson-river-school-garden-new-york-landscapes- by-connie- tom%2F&size=87KB&name=Hudson+River%E2%80%9D+%7E+...&p=hudson+river+school&oid=5801c3b00718d91620ab50d99e9dc2d2&fr2=tab- web&no=1&tt=42400&sigr=150d94vmo&sigi=120n763ul&sigb=12e42pij2&.crumb=cnmmyrdLelq#FCar=1400eb2ac4bc58f1f92fb51fe4173e55 Creating America A History of the United States