2. THE COLD WAR VS. 1945 - 1989

3. The United Nations (UN) 1) The U.N. was created as an international peace organization designed to replace the League of Nations  1918 1945

4. The United Nations (UN) 2) The U.N. was created near the end of WWII to prevent future global wars 3) The U.S. became the first nation to join the U.N.

5. Post WWII Europe 1)WWII had utterly destroyed most of the major powers in the world (Ex. Britain and France)

6. Post WWII Europe 2) The U.S. and the Soviet Union were left mostly unharmed to become the first super-powers 3) Tensions between the superpowers began to drastically rise immediately after WWII VS.

7. Stalin in Eastern Europe 1) At the end of WWII the Soviet Army had to push the German Army across Eastern Europe to drive them back into Germany 

8. Stalin in Eastern Europe 2) After Germany was defeated the Soviet Army remained in the countries of Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Lithuania, etc.)

10. Stalin in Eastern Europe 3) Stalin used military force to occupy these countries and made them part of the Soviet Union 4) Stalin made the countries of Eastern Europe ‘satellite states’ of the Soviet Union

11. The Iron Curtain 1946- Winston Churchill gave a famous speech in which he denounced the goals of the Soviet Union He claimed that we could not allow the Soviet Union to create an empire in Europe

12. Post WWII Germany 1) After WWII the Allies divided Germany into sections for them to control 2) The western portion of Germany was controlled by the U.S., Britain, and France 3) The eastern portion of Germany was controlled by the Soviet Union (USSR)

14. Post WWII Germany 4) Like Eastern Europe, Stalin occupied Eastern Germany and forced it to become Communist under the control of the Soviet Union 5) Western Germany became democratic and resumed self government after a few years

16. Map of the city of Berlin 6) The city of Berlin (located in Eastern Germany) was also divided among Allies

17. Post WWII Japan 1) After Japan surrendered in 1945 the U.S. military occupied it 2) Like West Germany, Japan adopted a democratic government and resumed self government

18. Post WWII Japan 3) Japan has become one most powerful nations in the world and is a strong ally of the U.S.

19. The Cold War 1) The Cold War was a constant state of indirect conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union

20. The Cold War 2) The Cold War began at the end of WWII 3) It ended in 1989 with the fall of the Soviet Union (USSR) 19451989

21. The Cold War 4) The threat and fear of nuclear war between the US and the USSR was always present during the Cold war

22. The “Super-power” world 1) The U.S. and the Soviet Union (USSR) had inherently different forms of government A) USSR = A dictatorship that implemented communism B) US = A democracy that implemented capitalism (a ‘free market’ economy)

23. The “Super-power” world 2) The atomic bombs resulted in a nuclear arms race between the U.S. and the Soviet Union

24. The “Super-power” world 3) Both superpowers wanted to be world leaders 4) During the Cold War the world became divided into communist and non- communist

25. Alliances divide the world 1) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) = Non-communist countries

26. Alliances divide the world 2) Warsaw Pact = Alliance between Soviet communist countries

27. NATO 1)NATO was formed as a defensive alliance among the U.S. and Western European nations 2) The countries of Western Europe had formed an alliance to prevent Soviet invasion

28. NATO 3) The U.S. was invited to join this alliance 4) With Senate approval, President Truman began to work to create NATO in 1949

29. The Warsaw Pact 1)The Warsaw Pact was the Soviet Union’s response to the NATO alliance 2) The Warsaw Pact was an alliance among the Soviet Union and its satellites in Eastern Europe

30. The Domino Theory 1) This was the theory that if one country became Communist, the countries around it would also become Communist

31. The Domino Theory 2) U.S. leaders believed that Communism would spread to surrounding countries like falling dominos

32. Chinese Revolution 1)China was taken over by Communists in a revolution (1949) 2) This gave U.S. greater evidence to suggest that the domino theory was true Mao Tse Tung

33. Chinese Revolution 3) Because of this the U.S. became very fearful of the spread of communism in Asia 4) China and the Soviet Union, however, did not become communist allies 5) They were bitter rivals for territory and diplomatic influence around the world

34. The Truman Doctrine 1)President Truman said that the US would be committed to preventing the spread of communism around the world

35. The Truman Doctrine 2) The U.S. would “contain” the communist threat to countries where it already existed. 3) This policy was creatively titled “containment” 4) This doctrine was based on the belief in the Domino Theory

36. The Marshall Plan 1) This plan was designed by Truman’s Secretary of State, George C. Marshall

37. The Marshall Plan 2) WWII had devastated the countries of Europe and made them all extremely poor 3) The U.S. feared that many European countries would become Communist ?

38. 4) The Marshall Plan gave these countries massive amounts of financial aid from the U.S. to help them recover from WWII

39. THE KOAN WAR 1950-53

41. Korea in WWII 1) Japan had taken over Korea during WWII 2) At the end of WWII the Soviet Army defeated the Japanese in North Korea 3) At the end of WWII the U.S. had defeated the Japanese in South Korea

42. Korea in WWII  

43. 4) The U.S. and the USSR were separated at the 38th parallel in Korea 5) This dividing line was not meant to be permanent 6) The USSR set up a communist government in North Korea

44. The Korean War 1) In 1950, Communist North Korea invaded South Korea

45. The Korean War Americans immediately began to fear that the first domino was being tipped over and vowed to uphold the policy of containment. Stalin does mean “man of steel” after all…

46. The Korean War 2) Our policy of “Containment” of communism led the U.S. into the war 3) The U.S. entered the war under a United Nations military force The United Nations

47. The Korean War 4) Under the command of General Douglass McArthur, the U.S. drove the North Korean army deep into North Korea

48. The Korean War 5) 200,000 Chinese troops entered the war to aid the N. Korean army and pushed U.S. troops back into S. Korea

50. The Korean War 6) North and South Korea remain separated and the North is still communist to this day

51. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) 1) A Republican, Dwight D. Eisenhower became President after Truman in 1953 2) Eisenhower strongly believed in the “Domino Theory”

52. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) 3) The Eisenhower administration implemented a ‘massive retaliation’ nuclear policy toward the Soviet Union

53. Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) 4) This policy ensured total Soviet destruction with nuclear weapons if the Soviet’s attacked the U.S. 5) The U.S. informed the Soviet Union of this policy to prevent a Soviet nuclear strike

54. Eisenhower and Vietnam 1) Vietnam was divided in two sections like Korea

55. Eisenhower and Vietnam 2) N. Vietnam was communist and it began to try to force S. Vietnam to become communist in the early 1950s (exactly like Korea) Ho Chi Minh

56. Eisenhower and Vietnam 3) Eisenhower began to send US military “advisors” to S. Vietnam during his presidency (This was NOT U.S. military forces) 4) During Eisenhower’s presidency, the Cold War began to have serious effects within the U.S.

57. IMPACT OF THE COLD WAR IN THE UNITED STATES

58. The Homefront 1) During the 1950s and 60s America was obsessed with communism 2) The American public and gov’t was hysterical over the threat of communism 3) The threat of nuclear war was always present during the Cold War

59. The Homefront 4) Public schools would even have nuclear war drills

62. The Homefront 5) The U.S. government even encouraged citizens to build bomb shelters in their own basements

63. The RED SCARE 1)Many Americans became convinced that there was a communist threat within the U.S. 2) The Red Scare = public hysteria about the threat and presence of communists in the U.S 3) As a result of the Red Scare communists were persecuted for their beliefs in the U.S.

64. THE HUAC 1) HUAC = The House Un-American Affairs Committee 2) This government organization convicted people for being communists

65. THE HUAC 3) Many people were interrogated because of “guilt by association” (If your friends were communists, you must be too)

66. THE HUAC 4) The HUAC specifically targeted Hollywood actors and writers 5) If you were accused of being a Communist you would usually lose your job

67. Sen. Joseph McCarthy 1) Leader of the fanatical anti- communist campaign in the ‘50s

68. Sen. Joseph McCarthy 2) He claimed that he had the names of 200 Communists that were working for the U.S. Government 3) McCarthy played on American fears of communism to eliminate his political enemies

69. Sen. Joseph McCarthy 4) McCarthy had little to no evidence to support his accusations 5) The term “McCarthyism” = became known as making false accusations based on rumors or guilt by association

70. Cold War Spies 1) Alger Hiss

71. Alger Hiss A) He worked for the U.S. State Department B) He was accused of being a Russian spy C) Many Americans thought he was innocent D) Sentenced to four years in prison

72. 2) Julius and Ethel Rosenberg A) Both were Russian spies that stole secrets about the atomic bomb and sent them to the USSR B) Both were executed for espionage

73. Cold War Spies 3) Both of these court trials were highly publicized and they increased public fears of communists within the U.S.

74. Virginia and the Cold War 1) The heavy military expenses throughout the Cold War benefited Virginia’s economy more than any other state

75. Virginia and the Cold War  The Hampton Roads area is home to several large naval and air bases

76. Virginia and the Cold War  Northern Virginia is home to the Pentagon (U.S. military headquarters) and numerous private companies that contract with the U.S. military

77. Election of 1960 1) Eisenhower’s Vice President, Richard Nixon (Rep.) ran against John F. Kennedy (Dem.) VS.

78. 2) This election had the first televised debates in history and it played a major role in the election Election of 1960

80. 3) Kennedy won the election (Lyndon B. Johnson was his Vice Pres.) PresidentVice President &

81. Pres. Kennedy and the Cold War C) Kennedy became president in 1961

82. Pres. Kennedy and the Cold War 2) In his inaugural address as President, Kennedy pledged that the U.S. would “pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and the success of liberty”

83. Pres. Kennedy and the Cold War 3) At the end of the same speech Kennedy also said, “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country”

84. The Berlin Wall 1) Germany had been divided into east and west since the end of WWII

85. The Berlin Wall 2) The city of Berlin (In East Germany) had also been divided between the Allies

86. The Berlin Wall 3) The citizens of East Berlin began to move to into Allied controlled West Berlin to escape communist oppression 4) To prevent this migration the USSR erected a huge concrete wall to divide the city in 1961

87. The Berlin Wall (1961)

88. KENNEDY AND CUBA

89. Cuban Revolution 1) Fidel Castro led a communist revolution that took over Cuba in the late 1950s

90. Cuban Revolution 2) The Soviet Union quickly recognized the new communist state 3) Many Cuban rebels fled to Florida to escape Cuba

91. The Bay of Pigs invasion (1961) 1) Kennedy supported a CIA plan to overthrow Fidel Castro 2) The CIA armed 1200 Cuban rebels to attack Cuba to lead a popular uprising against Castro

92. The Bay of Pigs invasion (1961) 3) The U.S. promised to give the Cuban rebels air support for their invasion

93. The Bay of Pigs invasion (1961) 4) The rebels invaded at the Bay of Pigs in Cuba and the U.S. did not provide air support 5) The invasion did not start an uprising and was a horrible failure

94. The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 1) In 1962, the USSR put nuclear missiles in Cuba and pointed them at the U.S. 2) Kennedy demanded that the USSR remove the missiles

96. The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 3) For 13 days, the world was on the brink of nuclear war 4) The USSR conceded to remove the missiles if the U.S. agreed not to invade Cuba

97. JFK assassinated (1963) 1) President Kennedy (a WWII veteran) was assassinated in 1963

99. JFK assassinated (1963) 2) There have been numerous theories about who was behind the Kennedy assassination 3) There is now sufficient public evidence to suggest that there was a government cover-up from their investigation

100. JFK assassinated (1963) 4) This event shook the nation’s confidence and began a period of serious internal strife and division (1960s & 70s) within the American public that had not existed since the Civil War

101. JFK assassinated (1963) 5) This division of the American public was especially spurred by U.S. involvement in Vietnam

102. (An extremely divided American public)

103. 6) Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson became President in 1963 (Democrat)

104. THE VIETNAM WAR (1964 – 1973)

105. THE VIETNAM WAR 1) The US became involved in Vietnam because of the Cold War policy of “Containment” of Communism (The Truman Doctrine)

106. Ho Chi Minh 1) Ho Chi Minh was a communist leader that came to power in Vietnam after WWII

107. Ho Chi Minh 2) Most supporters of communism were in N. Vietnam 3) South Vietnam was mostly opposed to communism

108. Ho Chi Minh 4) In the 1950s a civil war erupted in Vietnam 5) N. Vietnam was trying to use military force to take over S. Vietnam and make it communist

109. Ho Chi Minh 6) The U.S. was determined to support non-communist government in South Vietnam 

110. Military Escalation 1)The U.S. gradually escalated its involvement in Vietnam 2) In the late 1950’s Pres. Eisenhower sent military advisors to S. Vietnam

111. Military Escalation 3) In the early 60’s President Kennedy began minor American military build-up in Vietnam

112. Military Escalation 4) In the mid 1960’s President Johnson (LBJ) started the war (1965)

113. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1965) 1) The U.S. claimed that N. Vietnamese boats had fired upon U.S. warships in the Gulf of Tonkin 2) Many believe that this was a lie to get the U.S. public to support the war in Vietnam 3) LBJ began to send many more U.S. troops to Vietnam

115. Combat in Vietnam 1) Conventional Warfare – is warfare where there are recognizable armies that usually fight in very large groups across separate fronts (Like World War I, World War II, etc.)

116. Combat in Vietnam 2) Guerrilla Warfare – is when the enemy forces are greatly spread out and hidden. Guerrilla forces most frequently use mines, snipers, and ‘booby traps.’

118. Combat in Vietnam ● Guerrilla attacks are short, isolated, and rarely occur. The goal of guerrilla warfare is to make your enemy find you. It is also very difficult to identify guerrilla forces because they rarely wear uniforms ● Most of the combat in Vietnam was “guerrilla warfare”

119. The Vietcong 1)The Vietcong were a guerrilla military force in South Vietnam 2) They supported the North Vietnamese communists 3) They fought against the U.S. in South Vietnam

122. The Vietcong

125. The War (1964 – 1973) 1) The scale of the war in Vietnam grew over the 1960s

126. The War (1964 – 1973) 2) American forces repeatedly defeated N. Vietnamese forces in the field 3) The guerilla forces were what gave the U.S. the most casualties 4) The U.S. fought a limited war in Vietnam by not attacking North Vietnam

127. A Limited War 1)The U.S. fought against the North Vietnamese and Vietcong forces in South Vietnam 2) The U.S. never used ground troops in North Vietnam (a limited war)

128. The Homefront 1) This was the first televised war in American history

129. The Homefront 2) The U.S. became bitterly divided over the war

130. The Homefront 3) Protest generally took place on college campuses

131. Kent State University, 1970

132. Nixon 1) President Johnson (LBJ) did not seek re-election in 1968 because of Vietnam

133. Nixon 2) Richard Nixon became President (Republican)

134. Nixon and Vietnam

135. 1) Nixon pledged to bring the war to an “honorable end” 2) Nixon instituted a policy of “Vietnamization”

136. Vietnamization 1) “Vietnamization” = policy that gradually withdrew American troops and replaced them with S. Vietnamese troops

137. Vietnamization 2) The U.S. continued to send military supplies and financial aid to South Vietnam  During the entire war the Soviet Union was supplying North Vietnam

138. Vietnamization 3) U.S. totally pulled out of Vietnam by 1973 4) Vietnamization failed = North Vietnam took over South Vietnam (1975)

140. Vietnam Veterans Unlike veterans of World War II, who returned to a grateful and supportive nation, Vietnam veterans returned often to face indifference or outright hostility from many who opposed the war

141. Vietnam Veterans It was not until several years after the end of the war that the wounds of the war began to heal in America, and Vietnam veterans were recognized and honored for their service and sacrifices

142. 1) During the Vietnam War President Nixon exploited the clash that existed between the Soviet Union and China (They were NOT communist allies)

143. Nixon in China 2) Nixon wanted to get communist China to convince North Vietnam into peace 

144. Nixon in China 3) Nixon also achieved much better relations between the United States and China 4) Nixon later used this as a ground to successfully negotiate with the Soviet Union

146. The Watergate Scandal

147. 1) During his campaign for re- election in 1972, Pres. Nixon ordered advisors to break into Democratic campaign headquarters at the Watergate hotel in Washington D.C.

148. The Watergate Scandal

150. 2) This led to a very long trial and President Nixon resigned so he would not be IMPEACHED as President

151. THE END OF THE COLD WAR (1989)

152. Pres. Ronald Reagan 1) Ronald Reagan (A Republican) was elected in 1980

153. Pres. Ronald Reagan 2) Under Reagan the U.S. greatly increased funding for the nuclear, space, and military programs 3) Reagan funded a program called Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) to create a shield that would intercept and destroy nuclear ballistic missiles fired at the U.S.

156. Pres. Ronald Reagan a) This program was nicknamed “Star Wars” and it drastically increased government spending

157. Pres. Ronald Reagan b) This led to collapse of the Soviet Union because they no longer had the money to compete with the U.S. in the arms race

158. The Evil Empire 1) Reagan challenged the moral legitimacy of the Soviet Union by calling it the ‘evil empire’

159. Mikhail Gorbachev

160. The Evil Empire 2) At a speech in Berlin, Germany Reagan demanded, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”-USSR in the 1980s

161. The Evil Empire 3) During the 1980’s the Soviet Union was experiencing severe internal problems 4) Soviet military expenses greatly increased as they tried to compete with “Star Wars”

162. The Evil Empire 5) Soviet republics were becoming much more nationalistic and wanted to separate from the USSR

163. The Evil Empire 6) The communist government had focused on building up the USSR’s position as a superpower and had neglected the needs of the people

164. Mikhail Gorbachev 1) Gorbachev was the leader of the Soviet Union 2) Gorbachev introduced the policies of ‘glasnost’ and ‘perestroika’ to reform the USSR

165. Glasnost 1) ‘Glasnost’ = Russian for ‘openness’ 2) This new policy gave the people of the Soviet Union the right to speak freely

166. Perestroika 1) This reformed the Communist economy and government 

167. Perestroika 2) Under Communist dictatorship the Soviet Union controlled and owned all business and property a) This created a very inefficient economy that was unproductive

168. Perestroika 4) Perestroika took power away from politicians in Moscow and gave it to local farmers and industry managers to have control over their businesses 5) Perestroika also ‘privatized’ the economy  it transferred all ownership of business from the government to private ownership

169. Perestroika 5) Under Communism private property and ownership of businesses was prohibited a) Perestroika introduced a Capitalist (free-market) economy into the Soviet Union

170. Perestroika 6) This ultimately led to the failure of communism and fall of the Soviet Union GorbachevReagan

171. Fall of the Berlin Wall 1) In 1989, many Soviet republics in the countries of Eastern Europe overthrew communist regimes and declared independence from the Soviet Union

172. Fall of the Berlin Wall 2) Citizens of East Germany tore down the Berlin Wall which had been a symbol of Communist oppression

173. Fall of the Berlin Wall 3) In 1990, East and West Germany reunited for the first time since 1945 4) This event marked the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War

174. Fall of the Soviet Union 1989, satellite nations forced independence Berlin Wall comes down East & West Germany reunited Warsaw Pact ends 1991 Boris Yeltsin comes to power— Elected!!!

175. NO MORE COLD WAR!!!